Dulac, J. Global land transport infrastructure requirements: estimating road and railway infrastructure capacity and costs to 2050. (International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2013).
D’Amico, M. et al. Bird on the wire: landscape planning considering costs and benefits for bird populations coexisting with power lines. AMBIO A J. Hum. Environ. 47, 650–656 (2018).
Morelli, F., Beim, M., Jerzak, L., Jones, D. & Tryjanowski, P. Can roads, railways and related structures have positive effects on birds? A review. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 30, 21–31 (2014).
Laurance, W. F. et al. Reducing the global environmental impacts of rapid infrastructure expansion. Curr. Biol. 25, R259–R262 (2015).
Ascensão, F. et al. Beware that the lack of wildlife mortality records can mask a serious impact of linear infrastructures. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 19, e00661 (2019).
Bernardino, J. et al. Bird collisions with power lines: state of the art and priority areas for research. Biol. Conserv. 222, 1–13 (2018).
Loss, S. R., Will, T. & Marra, P. P. Estimation of bird-vehicle collision mortality on U.S. roads. J. Wildl. Manag. 78, 763–771 (2014).
Collinson, W. J., Parker, D. M., Bernard, R. T. F., Reilly, B. K. & Davies-Mostert, H. T. Wildlife road traffic accidents: a standardized protocol for counting flattened fauna. Ecol. Evol. 4, 3060–3071 (2014).
Barrientos, R., Alonso, J. C., Ponce, C. & Palacín, C. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of marked wire in reducing avian collisions with power lines. Conserv. Biol. 25, 893–903 (2011).
Ponce, C., Alonso, J. C., Argandoña, G., García Fernández, A. & Carrasco, M. Carcass removal by scavengers and search accuracy affect bird mortality estimates at power lines. Anim. Conserv. 13, 603–612 (2010).
Borner, L. et al. Bird collision with power lines: estimating carcass persistence and detection associated with ground search surveys. Ecosphere 8, e01966 (2017).
Guinard, É, Julliard, R. & Barbraud, C. Motorways and bird traffic casualties: carcasses surveys and scavenging bias. Biol. Conserv. 147, 40–51 (2012).
Santos, S. M., Carvalho, F. & Mira, A. How long do the dead survive on the road? Carcass persistence probability and implications for road-kill monitoring surveys. PLoS ONE 6, e25383 (2011).
Barrientos, R. et al. A review of searcher efficiency and carcass persistence in infrastructure-driven mortality assessment studies. Biol. Conserv. 222, 146–153 (2018).
Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., Miller, T. J. & Bruns, D. Wind energy development: methods to assess bird and bat fatality rates post-construction. Hum. Wildl. Interact. 10, 62–70 (2016).
Smallwood, K. S. Estimating wind turbine-caused bird mortality. J. Wildl. Manag. 71, 2781–2791 (2007).
Costantini, D., Gustin, M., Ferrarini, A. & Dell’Omo, G. Estimates of avian collision with power lines and carcass disappearance across differing environments. Anim. Conserv. 20, 173–181 (2017).
Schutgens, M., Shaw, J. M. & Ryan, P. G. Estimating scavenger and search bias for collision fatality surveys of large birds on power lines in the Karoo, South Africa. Ostrich 85, 39–45 (2014).
Loss, S. R., Will, T. & Marra, P. P. Direct human-caused mortality of birds: improving quantification of magnitude and assessment of population impact. Front. Ecol. Environ. 10, 357–364 (2012).
Smallwood, K. S., Bell, D. A., Snyder, S. A. & DiDonato, J. E. Novel scavenger removal trials increase wind turbine—caused avian fatality estimates. J. Wildl. Manag. 74, 1089–1096 (2010).
Farfán, M. A., Duarte, J., Fa, J. E., Real, R. & Vargas, J. M. Testing for errors in estimating bird mortality rates at wind farms and power lines. Bird Conserv. Int. 27, 431–439 (2017).
Flint, P. L., Lance, E. W., Sowl, K. M. & Donnelly, T. F. Estimating carcass persistence and scavenging bias in a human-influenced landscape in western Alaska. J. F. Ornithol. 81, 206–214 (2010).
Paula, J. et al. Camera-trapping as a methodology to assess the persistence of wildlife carcasses resulting from collisions with human-made structures. Wildl. Res. 41, 717–725 (2015).
Shaw, J. M., van der Merwe, R., van der Merwe, E. & Ryan, P. G. Winter scavenging rates under power lines in the Karoo, South Africa. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 45, 122–126 (2015).
Stevens, B. S., Reese, K. P. & Connelly, J. W. Survival and detectability bias of avian fence collision surveys in sagebrush steppe. J. Wildl. Manag. 75, 437–449 (2011).
Turner, K. L., Abernethy, E. F., Conner, L. M., Rhodes, O. E. Jr. & Beasley, J. C. Abiotic and biotic factors modulate carrion fate and vertebrate scavenging communities. Ecology 98, 2413–2424 (2017).
Riding, C. S. & Loss, S. R. Factors influencing experimental estimation of scavenger removal and observer detection in bird-window collision surveys. Ecol. Appl. 28, 2119–2129 (2018).
Rosene, W. & Lay, D. W. Disappearance and visibility of quail remains. J. Wildl. Manag. 27, 139–142 (1963).
Lambertucci, S. A., Speziale, K. L., Rogers, T. E. & Morales, J. M. How do roads affect the habitat use of an assemblage of scavenging raptors?. Biodivers. Conserv. 18, 2063–2074 (2009).
Donázar, J. A., Ceballos, O. & Cortes-Avizanda, A. Tourism in protected areas: disentangling road and traffic effects on intra-guild scavenging processes. Sci. Total Environ. 630, 600–608 (2018).
Hill, J. E., DeVault, T. L., Beasley, J. C., Rhodes, O. E. & Belant, J. L. Roads do not increase carrion use by a vertebrate scavenging community. Sci. Rep. 8, 16331 (2018).
Huijbers, C. M. et al. Limited functional redundancy in vertebrate scavenger guilds fails to compensate for the loss of raptors from urbanized sandy beaches. Divers. Distrib. 21, 55–63 (2015).
Olson, Z. H., Beasley, J. C. & Rhodes, O. E. Jr. Carcass type affects local scavenger guilds more than habitat connectivity. PLoS ONE 11, e0147798 (2016).
Smith, J. B., Laatsch, L. J. & Beasley, J. C. Spatial complexity of carcass location influences vertebrate scavenger efficiency and species composition. Sci. Rep. 7, 10250 (2017).
DeVault, T. L., Rhodes Olin, E. & Shivik, J. A. Scavenging by vertebrates: behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary perspectives on an important energy transfer pathway in terrestrial ecosystems. Oikos 102, 225–234 (2003).
Joseph, G. S., Seymour, C. L. & Foord, S. H. The effect of infrastructure on the invasion of a generalist predator: pied crows in southern Africa as a case-study. Biol. Conserv. 205, 11–15 (2017).
Dean, W. R. J., Milton, S. J. & Anderson, M. D. Use of road kills and roadside vegetation by Pied and Cape Crows in semi-arid South Africa. Ostrich 77, 102–104 (2006).
Slater, F. M. An assessment of wildlife road casualties—the potential discrepancy between numbers counted and numbers killed. Web Ecol. 3, 33–42 (2002).
Knight, R. L. & Kawashima, J. Y. Responses of raven and red-tailed hawk populations to linear right-of-ways. J. Wildl. Manag. 57, 266–271 (1993).
Meunier, F. D., Verheyden, C. & Jouventin, P. Use of roadsides by diurnal raptors in agricultural landscapes. Biol. Conserv. 92, 291–298 (2000).
Andersen, G. E., Johnson, C. N., Barmuta, L. A. & Jones, M. E. Use of anthropogenic linear features by two medium-sized carnivores in reserved and agricultural landscapes. Sci. Rep. 7, 11624 (2017).
Frey, S. N. & Conover, M. R. Habitat use by meso-predators in a corridor environment. J. Wildl. Manag. 70, 1111–1118 (2006).
Raiter, K. G., Hobbs, R. J., Possingham, H. P., Valentine, L. E. & Prober, S. M. Vehicle tracks are predator highways in intact landscapes. Biol. Conserv. 228, 281–290 (2018).
Silva, C., Simões, M. P., Mira, A. & Santos, S. M. Factors influencing predator roadkills: the availability of prey in road verges. J. Environ. Manag. 247, 644–650 (2019).
Bautista, L. M. et al. Effect of weekend road traffic on the use of space by raptors. Conserv. Biol. 18, 726–732 (2004).
Benítez-López, A., Alkemade, R. & Verweij, P. A. The impacts of roads and other infrastructure on mammal and bird populations: a meta-analysis. Biol. Conserv. 143, 1307–1316 (2010).
Tyler, N. et al. Ultraviolet vision and avoidance of power lines in birds and mammals. Conserv. Biol. 28, 630–631 (2014).
IPMA. Boletins Climatológicos Mensais (Portugal Continental). Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, I. P. (IPMA, I. P.). https://www.ipma.pt/pt/publicacoes/ (2017).
IPMA. Boletins Climatológicos Mensais (Portugal Continental). Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, I. P. (IPMA, I. P.). https://www.ipma.pt/pt/publicacoes/ (2018).
E.P. Recenseamento de tráfego (2005)—distrito de Évora (Estradas de Portugal, S.A., 2005).
R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing, version 3.6.1 (2019).
Therneau, T. M. A Package for Survival Analysis in S. version 2.44-1.1 (2019).
Bispo, R., Bernardino, J., Marques, T. A. & Pestana, D. Discrimination between parametric survival models for removal times of bird carcasses in scavenger removal trials at wind turbines sites BT. In Advances in Regression, Survival Analysis, Extreme Values, Markov Processes and Other Statistical Applications (eds LitadaSilva, J. et al.) 65–72 (Springer, Berlin, 2013).
Dalthorp, D. et al. GenEst statistical models—A generalized estimator of mortality. Techniques and Methods (2018). https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/tm7A2. https://doi.org/10.3133/tm7A2.
Gutierrez, R. G. Parametric frailty and shared frailty survival models. Stata J. 2, 22–44 (2002).
Kaplan, E. L. & Meier, P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 53, 457–481 (1958).
Linz, G. M., Bergman, D. L. & Bleier, W. J. Estimating survival of song bird carcasses in crops and woodlots. Prairie Nat. 29, 7–13 (1997).
Lourenço, P. M. Rice field use by raptors in two Portuguese wetlands. Airo 19, 13–18 (2009).
Simmons, R. E. Harriers of the World: Their Behaviour and Ecology (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000).
DeGregorio, B. A., Weatherhead, P. J. & Sperry, J. H. Power lines, roads, and avian nest survival: effects on predator identity and predation intensity. Ecol. Evol. 4, 1589–1600 (2014).
Beasley, J. C., Olson, Z. H. & DeVault, T. L. Ecological role of vertebrate scavengers. In Carrion Ecology, Evolution and Their Applications (eds Benbow, M. E. et al.) 107–127 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2015).
Peisley, R. K., Saunders, M. E., Robinson, W. A. & Luck, G. W. The role of avian scavengers in the breakdown of carcasses in pastoral landscapes. EMU Austral. Ornithol. 117, 68–77 (2017).
DeVault, T. L. & Rhodes, O. E. Identification of vertebrate scavengers of small mammal carcasses in a forested landscape. Acta Theriol. (Warsz) 47, 185–192 (2002).
Hiraldo, F., Blanco, J. C. & Bustamante, J. Unspecialized exploitation of small carcasses by birds. Bird Study 38, 200–207 (1991).
Hager, S. B., Cosentino, B. J. & McKay, K. J. Scavenging affects persistence of avian carcasses resulting from window collisions in an urban landscape. J. F. Ornithol. 83, 203–211 (2012).
Prosser, P., Nattrass, C. & Prosser, C. Rate of removal of bird carcasses in arable farmland by predators and scavengers. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 71, 601–608 (2008).
DeVault, T. L., Olson, Z. H., Beasley, J. C. & Rhodes, O. E. Mesopredators dominate competition for carrion in an agricultural landscape. Basic Appl. Ecol. 12, 268–274 (2011).
Ratton, P., Secco, H. & da Rosa, C. A. Carcass permanency time and its implications to the roadkill data. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 60, 543–546 (2014).
Santos, R. A. L. et al. Carcass persistence and detectability: reducing the uncertainty surrounding wildlife-vehicle collision surveys. PLoS ONE 11, e0165608 (2016).
Linz, G. M., Davis, J. E., Engeman, R. M., Otis, D. L. & Avery, M. L. Estimating survival of bird carcasses in Cattail Marshes. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 19, 195–199 (1991).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
