India has natural resource capacity to achieve nutrition security, reduce health risks and improve environmental sustainability

FAO Statistical Database (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2011–2013); http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home

National Food Security Bill Registered Number DL-(N)04/0007/2003-13 (Government of India, Ministry of Law and Justice, 10 September 2013).

Bhattacharyya, R. et al. Soil degradation in India: challenges and potential solutions. Sustainability 7, 3528–3570 (2015).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Khajuria, A. Impact of nitrate consumption: case study of Punjab, India. J. Water Resour. Prot. 8, 211–216 (2016).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Davis, K. F. et al. Alternative cereals can improve water use and nutrient supply in India. Sci. Adv. 4, eaao1108 (2018).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Caulfield, L. E. in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries 2nd edn (eds Jamison, D. T., et al.) Ch. 28 (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, 2006).

Green, R. et al. Dietary patterns in India: a systematic review. Br. J. Nutr. 116, 142–148 (2016).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Naik, S., Mahalle, N. & Bhide, V. Identification of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in vegetarian Indians. Br. J. Nutr. 119, 1–7 (2018).

DeFries, R. et al. Impact of historical changes in coarse cereals consumption in India on micronutrient intake and anemia prevalence. Food Nutr. Bull. 39, 377–392 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Smith, M. R. et al. Inadequate zinc intake in India: past, present, and future. Food Nutr. Bull. 40, 26–40 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

India: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16 (International Institute for Population Sciences, 2017).

Akhtar, S. et al. Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in South Asia: causes, outcomes, and possible remedies. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 31, 413–423 (2013).

Article  Google Scholar 

India: Health of the Nation’s States—The Indian State-Level Disease Burden Initiative (Indian Council of Medical Research, Public Health Foundation of India and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2017).

Riahi, K. et al. The shared socioeconomic pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: an overview. Glob. Environ. Change 42, 153–168 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

Sengupta, P. & Mukhopadhyay, K. Economic and environmental impact of National Food Security Act of India. Agric. Food Econ. 4, 1–23. (2016).

Article  Google Scholar 

Rao, N. D. et al. Healthy, affordable and climate-friendly diets in India. Glob. Environ. Change 49, 154–165 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Vetter, S. H. et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural food production to supply Indian diets: Implications for climate change mitigation. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 237, 234–241 (2017).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Harris, F. et al. The water use of Indian diets and socio-demographic factors related to dietary blue water footprint. Sci. Total. Environ. 587–588, 128–136 (2017).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Davis, K. F. et al. Assessing the sustainability of post-Green Revolution cereals in India. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 25034–25041 (2019).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Milner, J. et al. Projected health effects of realistic dietary changes to address freshwater constraints in India: a modelling study. Lancet Planet. Health 1, e26–e32 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

Aleksandrowicz, L. et al. A modelling study using nationally-representative data. Environ. Int. 126, 207–215 (2019).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Green, R. et al. Greenhouse gas emissions and water footprints of typical dietary patterns in India. Sci. Total. Environ. 643, 1411–1418 (2018).

ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Ritchie, H. et al. Sustainable food security in India—domestic production and macronutrient availability. PLoS ONE 13, e0193766 (2018a).

Article  Google Scholar 

Ritchie, H. et al. Quantifying, projecting, and addressing India’s hidden hunger. Front. Sustain. Food Sys. 2, 11 (2018b).

Article  Google Scholar 

Springmann, M. et al. Health and nutritional aspects of sustainable diet strategies and their association with environmental impacts: a global modelling analysis with country-level detail. Lancet Planet. Health 2, e451–e461 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Household Consumption of Various Goods and Service in India 2011–12. NSS 68th Round (Government of India, 2014).

Rosa, L. et al. Closing the yield gap while ensuring water sustainability. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 104002 (2018).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Mason-D’Croz, D. et al. Gaps between fruit and vegetable production, demand, and recommended consumption at global and national levels: an integrated modelling study. Lancet Planet. Health 3, e318–e329 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Sapkota, T. P. et al. Cost-effective opportunities for climate change mitigation in Indian agriculture. Sci. Total. Environ. 655, 1342–1354 (2019).

ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Willett, W. et al. Food in the anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet Comm. 393, P447–P492 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Ahmad, F., Uddin, Md. M., Goparaju, L., Rizvi, J. & Biradar, C. Quantification of the land potential for scaling agroforestry in South Asia. J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. 70, 81–89 (2020).

Sharma, B. et al. Comparative study of mango based agroforestry and mono-cropping system under rainfed condition of West Bengal. Int. J. Plant. Soil. Sci. 15, 1–7 (2017).

Google Scholar 

Chirwa, P. W. et al. Tree and crop productivity in gliricidia/maize/pigeonpea cropping systems in southern Malawi. Agrofor. Syst. 59, 265–277 (2003).

Article  Google Scholar 

Chiuve S. E. et al. Alternative dietary indices both strongly predict risk of chronic disease. J. Nutr. 142, 1009–1018 (2012).

Wang, D. D. et al. Global improvement in dietary quality could lead to substantial reduction in premature death. J. Nutr. 149, 1065–1074 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Pingali, P., Aiyar, A., Abraham, M. & Rahman, A. Transforming Food Systems for a Rising India (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2019).

Bowen, L. et al. Dietary intake and rural–urban migration in India: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 6, e14822 (2010).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Singh, A.et al. Quantitative estimates of dietary intake with special emphasis on snacking pattern and nutritional status of free living adults in urban slums of Delhi: impact of nutrition transition. BMC Nutr. 1, (2015)..

Rawal, V. et al. Prevalence of undernourishment in Indian states: explorations based on NSS 68th round data. Econ. Polit. Wkly 54, 35–45 (2019).

Google Scholar 

The Global Dietary Database—Global Dietary Intakes, Diseases, and Policies among Children, Women, and Men (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2016); http://www.globaldietarydatabase.org/the-global-dietary-database-measuring-diet-worldwide.html

Demographic Statistics Database (United Nations Statistics Division, accessed September 2018); http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=tableCode%3a22

Lonnie, M. et al. Protein for life: Review of optimal protein intake, sustainable dietary sources and the effect on appetite in ageing adults. Nutrients 10, 360 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Longvah, T. et al. Indian Food Composition Tables (National Institute of Nutrition, 2017).

Food Composition Database (United States Department of Agriculture, 2016); https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/

Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, Bangkok, Thailand (World Health Organization, 2001).

Nutrient Index (Oregon State University, 2018); https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/nutrient-index

Statistical Year Book India 2018 (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, 2019).

Suresh, K. P. et al. Modeling and forecasting livestock feed resources in India using climate variables. Asian-Aust J. Anim. Sci. 25, 462–470 (2012).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Mekonnen, M. M. & Hoekstra, A. Y. National Water Footprint Accounts: The Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Production and Consumption (Value of Water Research Report Series Number 50) (UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, 2011).

Pastor, A. V. et al. Accounting for environmental flow requirements in global water assessments. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 18, 5041–5059 (2014).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Briscoe, J. & Malik, R. P. S. India’s Water Economy: Bracing for a Turbulent Future (Oxford Univ. Press, 2006).

Vetter, S. H. et al. Corrigendum to “Greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural food production to supply Indian diets: implications for climate change mitigation” [Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 237 (2017) 234–241]. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 272, 83–85 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Herrero, M. et al. Biomass use, production, feed efficiencies, and greenhouse gas emissions from global livestock systems. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 110, 20888–20893 (2013).

ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Renard, C. Crop Residues in Sustainable Mixed Crop/Livestock Farming Systems (CABI, 1997).

Smil, V. Crop residues: agriculture’s largest harvest. BioScience 49, 299–308 (1991).

Article  Google Scholar 

R: A language and environment for statistical computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2016).

Haskell, M. J. The challenge to reach nutritional adequacy for vitamin A: β-carotene bioavailability and conversion—evidence in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 96, 1193S–1203S (2012).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Schwalfenberg, G. K. Vitamins K₁ and K₂: the emerging group of vitamins required for human health. J. Nutr. Metab. 2017, 6254836 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

Bakshi, M. P. S. Waste to worth: vegetable wastes as animal feed. CAB Rev. 11, 1–26 (2016).

Dikshit, A. K. & Birthal, P. S. India’s livestock feed demand: estimates and projections. Agric. Econ. Res. Rev. 23, 15–28 (2010).

Google Scholar 

Nair, P. K. R. et al. Soil carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems: a feasibility appraisal. Environ. Sci. Pol. 12, 1099–1111 (2009).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Murthy, I. K. et al. Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems in India. Earth Sci. Clim. Change 4, 1000131 (2013).

Google Scholar