Moritz, C., Patton, J. L., Schneider, C. J. & Smith, T. B. Diversification of rainforest faunas: an integrated molecular approach. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31, 533–563 (2000).
Google Scholar
Haffer, J. Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science 165, 131–137 (1969).
Google Scholar
Carnaval, A. C. & Moritz, C. Historical climate modelling predicts patterns of current biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. J. Biogeogr. 35, 1187–1201 (2008).
Google Scholar
Colinvaux, P. A., De Oliveira, P. E., Moreno, J. E., Miller, M. C. & Bush, M. B. A long pollen record from lowland Amazonia: forest and cooling in glacial times. Science 274, 85 (1996).
Google Scholar
Burbridge, R. E., Mayle, F. E. & Killeen, T. J. Fifty-thousand-year vegetation and climate history of Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivian Amazon. Quat. Res. 61, 215–230 (2004).
Google Scholar
Bush, M. B. & Silman, M. R. Observations on Late Pleistocene cooling and precipitation in the lowland Neotropics. J. Quat. Sci. 19, 677–684 (2004).
Google Scholar
Cowling, S. A., Maslin, M. A. & Sykes, M. T. Paleovegetation simulations of lowland Amazonia and implications for neotropical allopatry and speciation. Quat. Res. 55, 140–149 (2001).
Google Scholar
Claussen, M., Selent, K., Brovkin, V., Raddatz, T. & Gayler, V. Impact of CO2 and climate on Last Glacial Maximum vegetation—a factor separation. Biogeosciences 10, 3593–3604 (2013).
Google Scholar
O’ishi, R. & Abe-Ouchi, A. Influence of dynamic vegetation on climate change and terrestrial carbon storage in the Last Glacial Maximum. Clim. Past 9, 1571–1587 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hopcroft, P. O. & Valdes, P. J. Last Glacial Maximum constraints on the Earth system model HadGEM2-ES. Clim. Dyn. 45, 1657–1672 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hermanowski, B., da Costa, M. L. & Behling, H. Environmental changes in southeastern Amazonia during the last 25,000 yr revealed from a paleoecological record. Quat. Res. 77, 138–148 (2012).
Google Scholar
Fontes, D. et al. Paleoenvironmental dynamics in South Amazonia, Brazil, during the last 35,000 years inferred from pollen and geochemical records of Lago do Saci. Quat. Sci. Rev. 173, 161–180 (2017).
Google Scholar
D’Apolito, C., Absy, M. L. & Latrubesse, E. M. The Hill of Six Lakes revisited: new data and re-evaluation of a key Pleistocene Amazon site. Quat. Sci. Rev. 76, 140–155 (2013).
Google Scholar
AdrianQuijada-Mascareñas, J. et al. Phylogeographic patterns of trans-Amazonian vicariants and Amazonian biogeography: the Neotropical rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus complex) as an example. J. Biogeogr. 34, 1296–1312 (2007).
Google Scholar
Prado, D. E. & Gibbs, P. E. Patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forests of South America. Ann. MO Bot. Gard. 80, 902–927 (1993).
Google Scholar
Cardoso Da Silva, J. M. & Bates, J. M. Biogeographic patterns and conservation in the South American Cerrado: a tropical savanna hotspot: the Cerrado, which includes both forest and savanna habitats, is the second largest South American biome, and among the most threatened on the continent. AIBS Bull. 52, 225–234 (2002).
da Silva, J. M. C. Biogeographic analysis of the South American Cerrado avifauna. Steenstrupia 21, 49–67 (1995).
Werneck, F. P., Nogueira, C., Colli, G. R., Sites, J. W. & Costa, G. C. Climatic stability in the Brazilian Cerrado: implications for biogeographical connections of South American savannas, species richness and conservation in a biodiversity hotspot. J. Biogeogr. 39, 1695–1706 (2012).
Google Scholar
Wuster, W. et al. Tracing an invasion: landbridges, refugia, and the phylogeography of the Neotropical rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus durissus). Mol. Ecol. 14, 1095–1108 (2005).
Google Scholar
Prentice, I. C. et al. Modeling fire and the terrestrial carbon balance. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 25, GB3005 (2011).
Google Scholar
Colinvaux, P. A., De Oliveira, P. E. & Bush, M. B. Amazonian and neotropical plant communities on glacial time-scales: the failure of the aridity and refuge hypotheses. Quat. Sci. Rev. 19, 141–169 (2000).
Google Scholar
Bush, M. B. Climate science: the resilience of Amazonian forests. Nature 541, 167 (2017).
Google Scholar
Mayle, F. E., Beerling, D. J., Gosling, W. D. & Bush, M. B. Responses of Amazonian ecosystems to climatic and atmospheric carbon dioxide changes since the Last Glacial Maximum. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 359, 499–514 (2004).
Google Scholar
Costa, G. C. et al. Biome stability in South America over the last 30 kyr: inferences from long-term vegetation dynamics and habitat modelling. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27, 285–297 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wilson, J. B. & Agnew, A. D. in Advances in Ecological Research Vol. 23 (eds Begon, M. & Fitter, A. H.) 263–336 (Academic Press, 1992).
Moncrieff, G. R., Scheiter, S., Bond, W. J. & Higgins, S. I. Increasing atmospheric CO2 overrides the historical legacy of multiple stable biome states in Africa. New. Phytol. 201, 908–915 (2014).
Google Scholar
Aleixo, A. & de Fátima Rossetti, D. Avian gene trees, landscape evolution, and geology: towards a modern synthesis of Amazonian historical biogeography? J. Ornithol. 148, 443–453 (2007).
Google Scholar
Pennington, R. T. & Dick, C. W. Diversification of the Amazonian Flora and Its Relation to Key Geological and Environmental Events: A Molecular Perspective (Blackwell, 2010).
Leite, R. N. & Rogers, D. S. Revisiting Amazonian phylogeography: insights into diversification hypotheses and novel perspectives. Org. Divers. Evol. 13, 639–664 (2013).
Google Scholar
Haffer, J. R. Alternative models of vertebrate speciation in Amazonia: an overview. Biodivers. Conserv. 6, 451–476 (1997).
Google Scholar
Garzón-Orduña, I. J., Benetti-Longhini, J. E. & Brower, A. V. Timing the diversification of the Amazonian biota: butterfly divergences are consistent with Pleistocene refugia. J. Biogeogr. 41, 1631–1638 (2014).
Google Scholar
Smith, B. T., Amei, A. & Klicka, J. Evaluating the role of contracting and expanding rainforest in initiating cycles of speciation across the Isthmus of Panama. Proc. R. Soc. B 279, 3520–3526 (2012).
Google Scholar
Cramer, W. et al. Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models. Glob. Change Biol. 7, 357–373 (2001).
Google Scholar
Sitch, S. et al. Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate–carbon cycle feedbacks using five dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). Glob. Change Biol. 14, 2015–2039 (2008).
Google Scholar
McMahon, S. M. et al. Improving assessment and modelling of climate change impacts on global terrestrial biodiversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 249–259 (2011).
Google Scholar
Sitch, S. et al. Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model. Glob. Change Biol. 9, 161–185 (2003).
Google Scholar
Thonicke, K. et al. The influence of vegetation, fire spread and fire behaviour on biomass burning and trace gas emissions: results from a process-based model. Biogeosciences 7, 1991 (2010).
Google Scholar
Monteith, J. L. A reinterpretation of stomatal responses to humidity. Plant Cell Environ. 18, 357–364 (1995).
Google Scholar
Rothermel, R. C. A Mathematical Model for Predicting Fire Spread in Wildland Fuels Research Paper INT-115 (USDA, 1972).
Prentice, I. C., Harrison, S. P. & Bartlein, P. J. Global vegetation and terrestrial carbon cycle changes after the last ice age. New Phytol. 189, 988–998 (2011).
Google Scholar
Kelley, D. I. et al. A comprehensive benchmarking system for evaluating global vegetation models. Biogeosciences 10, 3313–3340 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kelley, D. I., Harrison, S. P. & Prentice, I. C. Improved simulation of fire–vegetation interactions in the land surface processes and exchanges dynamic global vegetation model (LPX-Mv1). Geosci. Model Dev. 7, 2411–2433 (2014).
Google Scholar
Kelley, D. I. & Harrison, S. P. Enhanced Australian carbon sink despite increased wildfire during the 21st century. Environ. Res. Lett. 9, 104015 (2014).
Google Scholar
Braconnot, P. et al. Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum—part 1: experiments and large-scale features. Climate 3, 261–277 (2007).
Martin Calvo, M. & Prentice, I. C. Effects of fire and CO2 on biogeography and primary production in glacial and modern climates. New Phytol. 208, 987–994 (2015).
Google Scholar
Braconnot, P. et al. Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum—part 2: feedbacks with emphasis on the location of the ITCZ and mid- and high latitudes heat budget. Climate 3, 279–296 (2007).
Harris, I. P. D. J., Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J. & Lister, D. H. Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations-the CRU TS3. 10 Dataset. Int. J. Climatol. 34, 623–642 (2014).
Google Scholar
Mayle, F. E., Burn, M. J., Power, M. & Urrego, D. H. in Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions (eds Vimeux, F. et al.) 89–112 (Springer, 2009).
Marchant, R. et al. Pollen-based biome reconstructions for Latin America at 0, 6000 and 18 000 radiocarbon years ago. Climate 5, 725–767 (2009).
Stein, U. & Alpert, P. I. N. H. A. S. Factor separation in numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci. 50, 2107–2115 (1993).
Google Scholar
Argollo, J. & Mourguiart, P. Late Quaternary climate history of the Bolivian Altiplano. Quat. Int. 72, 37–51 (2000).
Google Scholar
Watts, W. A. & Bradbury, J. P. Paleoecological studies at Lake Patzcuaro on the west-central Mexican Plateau and at Chalco in the Basin of Mexico. Quat. Res. 17, 56–70 (1982).
Google Scholar
del Socorro Lozano-Garcia, M. & Ortega-Guerrero, B. Palynological and magnetic susceptibility records of Lake Chalco, central Mexico. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 109, 177–191 (1994).
Google Scholar
del Socorro Lozano-García, M. & Ortega-Guerrero, B. Late Quaternary environmental changes of the central part of the Basin of Mexico; correlation between Texcoco and Chalco basins. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 77–93 (1998).
Google Scholar
Leyden, B. W. Guatemalan forest synthesis after Pleistocene aridity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 81, 4856–4859 (1984).
Google Scholar
Piperno, D. R., Bush, M. B. & Colinvaux, P. A. Paleoecological perspectives on human adaptation in central Panama. I. Pleistocene. Geoarchaeology 6, 201–226 (1991).
Google Scholar
Hooghiemstra, H., Cleef, A. M., Noldus, C. W. & Kappelle, M. Upper Quaternary vegetation dynamics and palaeoclimatology of the La Chonta bog area (Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica). J. Quat. Sci. 7, 205–225 (1992).
Google Scholar
van der Hammen, T. & Hooghiemstra, H. Interglacial–glacial Fuquene-3 pollen record from Colombia: an Eemian to Holocene climate record. Glob. Planet. Change 36, 181–199 (2003).
Google Scholar
Graf, K. Pollendiagramme aus den Anden: Eine Synthese zur Klimageschichte und Vegetationsentwicklung seit der letzten Eiszeit (Universität Zürich-Irchel-Geographisches Institut, 1992).
Van Geel, B. & Van der Hammen, T. Upper Quaternary vegetational and climatic sequence of the Fuquene area (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 14, 9–92 (1973).
Google Scholar
Behling, H. & Hooghiemstra, H. Environmental history of the Colombian savannas of the Llanos Orientales since the Last Glacial Maximum from lake records El Pinal and Carimagua. J. Paleolimnol. 21, 461–476 (1999).
Google Scholar
Wille, M., Negret, J. A. & Hooghiemstra, H. Paleoenvironmental history of the Popayán area since 27 000 yr BP at Timbio, southern Colombia. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 109, 45–63 (2000).
Google Scholar
Oliveira, P. E. D. A Palynological Record of Late Quaternary Vegetational and Climatic Change in Southeastern Brazil. PhD dissertation, The Ohio State Univ. (1992).
Ledru, M. P. et al. Late-glacial cooling in Amazonia inferred from pollen at Lagoa do Caçó, Northern Brazil. Quat. Res. 55, 47–56 (2001).
Google Scholar
Behling, H., Arz, H. W., Pätzold, J. & Wefer, G. Late Quaternary vegetational and climate dynamics in southeastern Brazil, inferences from marine cores GeoB 3229-2 and GeoB 3202-1. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 179, 227–243 (2002).
Google Scholar
Van der Hammen, T. & González, E. Upper Pleistocene and Holocene climate and vegetation of the ‘Sabana de Bogota’ (Colombia, South America). Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 25, 261–315 (1960).
Guimarães, J. T. F. et al. Modern pollen rain as a background for palaeoenvironmental studies in the Serra dos Carajás, southeastern Amazonia. Holocene 27, 1055–1066 (2017).
Google Scholar
Van der Hammen, T. & Absy, M. L. Amazonia during the last glacial. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 109, 247–261 (1994).
Google Scholar
Hansen, B. C. S. et al. Late-glacial and Holocene vegetational history from two sites in the western Cordillera of southwestern Ecuador. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 194, 79–108 (2003).
Google Scholar
Mayle, F. E., Burbridge, R. & Killeen, T. J. Millennial-scale dynamics of southern Amazonian rain forests. Science 290, 2291–2294 (2000).
Google Scholar
Urrego, D. H., Bush, M. B. & Silman, M. R. A long history of cloud and forest migration from Lake Consuelo, Peru. Quat. Res. 73, 364–373 (2010).
Google Scholar
Barberi, M., Salgado-Labouriau, M. L. & Suguio, K. Paleovegetation and paleoclimate of ‘Vereda de Águas Emendadas’, central Brazil. J. South Am. Earth Sci. 13, 241–254 (2000).
Google Scholar
Mourguiart, P., Argollo, J. & Wirrmann, D. In Climas Cuaternarios en America del Sur = Quaternary Climates of South America. 157–171 (ORSTOM, 1995).
Mourguiart, P. & Ledru, M. P. Last Glacial Maximum in an Andean cloud forest environment (Eastern Cordillera, Bolivia). Geology 31, 195–198 (2003).
Google Scholar
Salgado-Labouriau, M. L., Barberi, M., Ferraz-Vicentini, K. R. & Parizzi, M. G. A dry climatic event during the late Quaternary of tropical Brazil. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 115–129 (1998).
Google Scholar
Ledru, M. P. et al. The last 50,000 years in the Neotropics (Southern Brazil): evolution of vegetation and climate. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 123, 239–257 (1996).
Google Scholar
Chepstow-Lusty, A. et al. Vegetation and climate change on the Bolivian Altiplano between 108,000 and 18,000 yr ago. Quat. Res. 63, 90–98 (2005).
Google Scholar
Behling, H. & Lichte, M. Evidence of dry and cold climatic conditions at glacial times in tropical southeastern Brazil. Quat. Res. 48, 348–358 (1997).
Google Scholar
Behling, H. South and southeast Brazilian grasslands during late Quaternary times: a synthesis. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 177, 19–27 (2002).
Google Scholar
Behling, H. Late Quaternary vegetation, climate and fire history from the tropical mountain region of Morro de Itapeva, SE Brazil. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 129, 407–422 (1997).
Google Scholar
Ledru, M. P., Mourguiart, P. & Riccomini, C. Related changes in biodiversity, insolation and climate in the Atlantic rainforest since the last interglacial. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 271, 140–152 (2009).
Google Scholar
Pessenda, L. C. R. et al. The evolution of a tropical rainforest/grassland mosaic in southeastern Brazil since 28,000 14C yr BP based on carbon isotopes and pollen records. Quat. Res. 71, 437–452 (2009).
Google Scholar
Behling, H. & Negrelle, R. R. Tropical rain forest and climate dynamics of the Atlantic lowland, Southern Brazil, during the Late Quaternary. Quat. Res. 56, 383–389 (2001).
Google Scholar
Behling, H., Pillar, V. D., Orlóci, L. & Bauermann, S. G. Late Quaternary Araucaria forest, grassland (Campos), fire and climate dynamics, studied by high-resolution pollen, charcoal and multivariate analysis of the Cambará do Sul core in southern Brazil. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 203, 277–297 (2004).
Google Scholar
Behling, H., Pillar, V. D. & Bauermann, S. G. Late Quaternary grassland (Campos), gallery forest, fire and climate dynamics, studied by pollen, charcoal and multivariate analysis of the São Francisco de Assis core in western Rio Grande do Sul (southern Brazil). Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 133, 235–248 (2005).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com