House, J. S., Landis, K. R. & Umberson, D. Social relationships and health. Science 241, 540–545 (1988).
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B. & Layton, J. B. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 7, e1000316 (2010).
Silk, J. B., Alberts, S. C. & Altmann, J. Social bonds of female baboons enhance infant survival. Science 302, 1231–1234 (2003).
Wittig, R. M. et al. Social support reduces stress hormone levels in wild chimpanzees across stressful events and everyday affiliations. Nat. Commun. 7, 13361 (2016).
Schülke, O., Bhagavatula, J., Vigilant, L. & Ostner, J. Social bonds enhance reproductive success in male macaques. Curr. Biol. 20, 2207–2210 (2010).
Cameron, E. Z., Setsaas, T. H. & Linklater, W. L. Social bonds between unrelated females increase reproductive success in feral horses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 13850–13853 (2009).
Silk, J. B. et al. Strong and consistent social bonds enhance the longevity of female baboons. Curr. Biol. 20, 1359–1361 (2010).
Barocas, A., Ilany, A., Koren, L., Kam, M. & Geffen, E. Variance in centrality within rock Hyrax social networks predicts adult longevity. PLoS ONE 6, e22375 (2011).
Riehl, C. & Strong, M. J. Stable social relationships between unrelated females increase individual fitness in a cooperative bird. Proc. R. Soc. B 285, 20180130 (2018).
Cheney, D. L. Extent and limits of cooperation in animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 201100291 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100291108.
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. The evolution of indirect reciprocity. Soc. Netw. 11, 213–236 (1989).
Trivers, R. L. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Q. Rev. Biol. 46, 35–57 (1971).
Nowak, M. A., Tarnita, C. E. & Wilson, E. O. The evolution of eusociality. Nature 466, 1057–1062 (2010).
Apicella, C. L., Marlowe, F. W., Fowler, J. H. & Christakis, N. A. Social networks and cooperation in hunter-gatherers. Nature 481, 497–501 (2012).
Dyble, M. et al. Networks of food sharing reveal the functional significance of multilevel sociality in two hunter-gatherer groups. Curr. Biol. 26, 2017–2021 (2016).
Samuni, L. et al. Social bonds facilitate cooperative resource sharing in wild chimpanzees. Proc. R. Soc. B 285, 20181643 (2018).
Mitani, J. C. Male chimpanzees form enduring and equitable social bonds. Anim. Behav. 77, 633–640 (2009).
Langergraber, K. E., Mitani, J. C. & Vigilant, L. The limited impact of kinship on cooperation in wild chimpanzees. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 7786–7790 (2007).
Kern, J. M. & Radford, A. N. Social-bond strength influences vocally mediated recruitment to mobbing. Biol. Lett. 12, (2016).
Gero, S., Engelhaupt, D., Rendell, L. & Whitehead, H. Who cares? Between-group variation in alloparental caregiving in sperm whales. Behav. Ecol. 20, 838–843 (2009).
Wilkinson, G. S., Carter, G. G., Bohn, K. M. & Adams, D. M. Non-kin cooperation in bats. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 371, 20150095 (2016).
Langergraber, K. E., Watts, D. P., Vigilant, L. & Mitani, J. C. Group augmentation, collective action, and territorial boundary patrols by male chimpanzees. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 7337–7342 (2017).
Samuni, L., Mielke, A., Preis, A., Crockford, C. & Wittig, R. M. Intergroup competition enhances chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) in-group cohesion. Int. J. Primatol. (2019).
Majolo, B., deBortoli Vizioli, A., Martínez-Íñigo, L. & Lehmann, J. Effect of group size and individual characteristics on intergroup encounters in primates. Int. J. Primatol. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-019-00119-5.
Mirville, M. O. et al. Factors influencing individual participation during intergroup interactions in mountain gorillas. Anim. Behav. 144, 75–86 (2018).
Arseneau-Robar, T. J. M., Taucher, A. L., Schnider, A. B., van Schaik, C. P. & Willems, E. P. Intra- and interindividual differences in the costs and benefits of intergroup aggression in female vervet monkeys. Anim. Behav. 123, 129–137 (2017).
Willems, E. P. & van Schaik, C. P. Collective action and the intensity of between-group competition in nonhuman primates. Behav. Ecol. 26, 625–631 (2015).
Schel, A. M., Townsend, S. W., Machanda, Z., Zuberbühler, K. & Slocombe, K. E. Chimpanzee alarm call production meets key criteria for intentionality. PLoS ONE 8, e76674 (2013).
Fuong, H., Maldonado-Chaparro, A. & Blumstein, D. T. Are social attributes associated with alarm calling propensity? Behav. Ecol. 26, 587–592 (2015).
Crockford, C., Wittig, R. M., Mundry, R. & Zuberbühler, K. Wild chimpanzees inform ignorant group members of danger. Curr. Biol. 22, 142–146 (2012).
Nam, K.-B., Simeoni, M., Sharp, S. P. & Hatchwell, B. J. Kinship affects investment by helpers in a cooperatively breeding bird. Proc. R. Soc. B 277, 3299–3306 (2010).
Samuni, L., Wittig, R. & Crockford, C. Adoption in the Taï chimpanzees: costs, benefits and strong social relationships. In The Chimpanzees of the Taï Forest: 40 Years of Research (eds Boesch, C. & Wittig, R.) 141–158 (Cambridge University Press, 2019).
Bowles, S. Did warfare among ancestral hunter-gatherers affect the evolution of human social behaviors? Science 324, 1293–1298 (2009).
Puurtinen, M. & Mappes, T. Between-group competition and human cooperation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 276, 355–360 (2009).
Mitani, J. C., Watts, D. P. & Amsler, S. J. Lethal intergroup aggression leads to territorial expansion in wild chimpanzees. Curr. Biol. 20, R507–R508 (2010).
Lemoine, S. et al. Between-group competition impacts reproductive success in wild chimpanzees. Curr. Biol. (2020).
Wilson, M. L. et al. Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts. Nature 513, 414–417 (2014).
Williams, J. M., Oehlert, G. W., Carlis, J. V. & Pusey, A. E. Why do male chimpanzees defend a group range? Anim. Behav. 68, 523–532 (2004).
Wrangham, R.W. Evolution of coalitionary killing. Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 42, 1–30 (1999).
Wilson, M. L., Hauser, M. D. & Wrangham, R. W. Does participation in intergroup conflict depend on numerical assessment, range location, or rank for wild chimpanzees? Anim. Behav. 61, 1203–1216 (2001).
McComb, K., Packer, C. & Pusey, A. Roaring and numerical assessment in contests between groups of female lions, Panthera leo. Anim. Behav. 47, 379–387 (1994).
Langergraber, K. E., Mitani, J. & Vigilant, L. Kinship and social bonds in female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am. J. Primatol. 71, 840–851 (2009).
Wittig, R. M., Crockford, C., Langergraber, K. & Zuberbühler, K. Triadic social interactions operate across time: a field experiment with wild chimpanzees. Proc. R. Soc. B 281, 20133155 (2014).
Watts, D. P. & Mitani, J. C. Boundary patrols and intergroup encounters in wild chimpanzees. Behaviour 138, 299–327 (2001).
Samuni, L. et al. Oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 268–273 (2017).
De Dreu, C. K. W. et al. The neuropeptide oxytocin regulates parochial altruism in intergroup conflict among humans. Science 328, 1408–1411 (2010).
Wrangham, R. W. Why are male chimpanzees more gregarious than mothers? in Primate Males: Causes and Consequences of Variation in Group Composition (ed. Kappeler, P. M.) (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Boesch, C. et al. Intergroup conflicts among chimpanzees in Taï National Park: lethal violence and the female perspective. Am. J. Primatol. 70, 519–532 (2008).
Van Belle, S., Garber, P. A., Estrada, A. & Di Fiore, A. Social and genetic factors mediating male participation in collective group defence in black howler monkeys. Anim. Behav. 98, 7–17 (2014).
Thompson, F. J., Marshall, H. H., Vitikainen, E. I. K. & Cant, M. A. Causes and consequences of intergroup conflict in cooperative banded mongooses. Anim. Behav. 126, 31–40 (2017).
Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. The evolution of cooperation. Science 211, 1390–1396 (1981).
Smith, D. et al. Camp stability predicts patterns of hunter-gatherer cooperation. R. Soc. Open Sci. 3, 160131 (2016).
Samuni, L., Preis, A., Deschner, T., Wittig, R. M. & Crockford, C. Cortisol and oxytocin show independent activity during chimpanzee intergroup conflict. Psychoneuroendocrinology 104, 165–173 (2019).
Surbeck, M. et al. Males with a mother living in their group have higher paternity success in bonobos but not chimpanzees. Curr. Biol. 29, R354–R355 (2019).
Crockford, C., Samuni, L., Vigilant, L. & Wittig, R. M. Postweaning maternal care increases male chimpanzee reproductive success. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz5746 (2020).
McDonald, M. M., Navarrete, C. D. & Vugt, M. V. Evolution and the psychology of intergroup conflict: the male warrior hypothesis. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 367, 670–679 (2012).
Bernhard, H., Fischbacher, U. & Fehr, E. Parochial altruism in humans. Nature 442, 912–915 (2006).
Kaplan, H. S., Hill, K., Lancaster, J. & Hurtado, A. M. A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evol. Anthropol. Issues News Rev. 9, 156–185 (2000).
Boesch, C. Cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees. Anim. Behav. 48, 653–667 (1994).
Samuni, L., Preis, A., Deschner, T., Crockford, C. & Wittig, R. M. Reward of labor coordination and hunting success in wild chimpanzees. Commun. Biol. 1, 138 (2018).
Boesch, C. & Boesch-Achermann, H. The Chimpanzees of the Taï Forest: Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (Oxford University Press, 2000).
Altmann, J. Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour 49, 227–266 (1974).
Wittig, R. M. & Boesch, C. Observation protocol and long-term data collection in Taï. In The Taï Chimpanzees: 40 years of Research (Cambridge University Press, 2019).
Goodall. The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior (Harvard University Press, 1986).
Schubert, G. et al. Co-residence between males and their mothers and grandmothers is more frequent in bonobos than chimpanzees. PLoS ONE 8, e83870 (2013).
Arandjelovic, M. et al. Two-step multiplex polymerase chain reaction improves the speed and accuracy of genotyping using DNA from noninvasive and museum samples. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 9, 28–36 (2009).
Neumann, C. et al. Assessing dominance hierarchies: validation and advantages of progressive evaluation with Elo-rating. Anim. Behav. 82, 911–921 (2011).
Foerster, S. et al. Chimpanzee females queue but males compete for social status. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–11 (2016).
Mielke, A. et al. Bystanders intervene to impede grooming in Western chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys. R. Soc. Open Sci. 4, 171296 (2017).
Kulik, L. Development and Consequences of Social Behavior in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) (University of Leipzig, 2015).
Tkaczynski, P. J. et al. Long-term repeatability in social behaviour suggests stable social phenotypes in wild chimpanzees. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7, 200454 (2020).
Anderson, D. P., Nordheim, E. V., Boesch, C. & Moermond, C. Factors influencing fission-fusion grouping in chimpanzees in the Taï National Park, Côte D’Ivoire. In Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos (eds Boesch, C., Hohmann, G. & Marchant, L. F.) 90–101 (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
Baayen, R. H. Analyzing Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to Statistics using R (Cambridge University Press, 2008).
Goodall, J. Population dynamics during a 15 year period in one community of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Z. Tierpsychol. 61, 1–60 (1983).
Behringer, V., Deschner, T., Deimel, C., Stevens, J. M. G. & Hohmann, G. Age-related changes in urinary testosterone levels suggest differences in puberty onset and divergent life history strategies in bonobos and chimpanzees. Horm. Behav. 66, 525–533 (2014).
Emery Thompson, M., Muller, M. N. & Wrangham, R. W. The energetics of lactation and the return to fecundity in wild chimpanzees. Behav. Ecol. 23, 1234–1241 (2012).
Nissen, H. W. & Yerkes, R. M. Reproduction in the chimpanzee: report on forty-nine births. Anat. Rec. 86, 567–578 (1943).
Burnham, K. P., Anderson, D. R. & Huyvaert, K. P. AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavioral ecology: some background, observations, and comparisons. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 65, 23–35 (2011).
Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C. & Tily, H. J. Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: keep it maximal. J. Mem. Lang. 68, 255–278 (2013).
Schielzeth, H. & Forstmeier, W. Conclusions beyond support: overconfident estimates in mixed models. Behav. Ecol. 20, 416–420 (2009).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2016).
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).
Schielzeth, H. Simple means to improve the interpretability of regression coefficients. Methods Ecol. Evol. 1, 103–113 (2010).
Fox, J. & Weisberg, S. An R Companion to Applied Regression (Sage Publications, 2011).
Quinn, G. P. & Keough, M. J. Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
Forstmeier, W. & Schielzeth, H. Cryptic multiple hypotheses testing in linear models: overestimated effect sizes and the winner’s curse. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 65, 47–55 (2011).
Nakagawa, S. & Schielzeth, H. A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 133–142 (2013).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
