Cox, P. A., Banack, S. A. & Murch, S. J. Biomagnification of cyanobacterial neurotoxins and neurodegenerative disease among the Chamorro people of Guam. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 13380–13383 (2003).
Google Scholar
Brand, L. E., Pablo, J., Compton, A., Hammerschlag, N. & Mash, D. C. Cyanobacterial blooms and the occurrence of the neurotoxin, beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), in south Florida aquatic food webs. Harmful Algae 9, 620–635 (2010).
Google Scholar
Metcalf, J. S., Banack, S. A., Richer, R. & Cox, P. A. Neurotoxic amino acids and their isomers in desert environments. J. Arid Environ. 112, 140–144 (2015).
Google Scholar
Violi, J. P., Mitrovic, S. M., Colville, A., Main, B. J. & Rodgers, K. J. Prevalence of (beta)-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and its isomers in freshwater cyanobacteria isolated from eastern Australia. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 172, 72–81 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jonasson, S. et al. Transfer of a cyanobacterial neurotoxin within a temperate aquatic ecosystem suggests pathways for human exposure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 9252–9257 (2010).
Google Scholar
Metcalf, J. et al. Toxin analysis of freshwater cyanobacterial and marine harmful algal blooms on the west coast of Florida and implications for estuarine environments. Neurotox. Res. 39, 27–35 (2021).
Google Scholar
Cox, P. A. et al. Cyanobacteria and BMAA exposure from desert dust: a possible link to sporadic ALS among Gulf War veterans. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. 10, 109–117 (2009).
Google Scholar
Charlton, T. S., Marini, A. M., Markey, S. P., Norstog, K. & Duncan, M. W. Quantification of the neurotoxin 2-amino-3-(methylamino)-propanoic acid (BMAA) in Cycadales. Phytochemistry 31, 3429–3432 (1992).
Google Scholar
Whiting, M. G. Toxicity of cycads. Econ. Bot. 17, 270–302 (1963).
Google Scholar
Cox, P. A., Davis, D. A., Mash, D. C., Metcalf, J. S. & Banack, S. A. Dietary exposure to an environmental toxin triggers neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits in the brain. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 283, 20152397 (2016).
Google Scholar
Scott, L. L. & Downing, T. G. A single neonatal exposure to BMAA in a rat model produces neuropathology consistent with neurodegenerative diseases. Toxins 10, 22 (2018).
Google Scholar
Roy, U. et al. Metabolic profiling of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos by NMR spectroscopy reveals multifaceted toxicity of (beta)-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Sci. Rep. 7, 1–12 (2017).
Google Scholar
Purdie, E. L., Metcalf, J. S., Kashmiri, S. & Codd, G. A. Toxicity of the cyanobacterial neurotoxin (beta)-N-methylamino-L-alanine to three aquatic animal species. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. 10, 67–70 (2009).
Google Scholar
Brenner, E. D. et al. Arabidopsis mutants resistant to s (+)-(beta)-methyl-(alpha), (beta)-diaminopropionic acid, a cycad-derived glutamate receptor agonist. Plant Physiol. 124, 1615–1624 (2000).
Google Scholar
Schneider, D., Wink, M., Sporer, F. & Lounibos, P. Cycads: Their evolution, toxins, herbivores and insect pollinators. Naturwissenschaften 89, 281–294 (2002).
Google Scholar
Koi, S. & Daniels, J. Life history variations and seasonal polyphenism in Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Florida Entomol. 100, 219–229 (2017).
Google Scholar
Koi, S. A butterfly picks its poison: Cycads (Cycadaceae), integrated pest management and Eumaeus atala Poey (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Entomol. Ornithol. Herpetol. 6 (2017).
Brenner, E. D., Stevenson, D. W. & Twigg, R. W. Cycads: Evolutionary innovations and the role of plant-derived neurotoxins. Trends Plant Sci. 8, 446–452 (2003).
Google Scholar
Prado, A. The cycad herbivores. Bull. Soc. D’entomol. Quebec 18, 3–6 (2011).
Popova, A. & Koksharova, O. Neurotoxic non-proteinogenic amino acid (beta)-N-methylamino-L-alanine and its role in biological systems. Biochem. Mosc. 81, 794–805 (2016).
Google Scholar
Salzman, S., Whitaker, M. R. L. & Pierce, N. E. Cycad-feeding insects share a core gut microbiome. Biol. J. Lin. Soc. 123, 728–738 (2018).
Google Scholar
Whitaker, M. R. & Salzman, S. Ecology and evolution of cycad-feeding Lepidoptera. Ecol. Lett. 23, 1862–1877 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zhou, X., Escala, W., Papapetropoulos, S., Bradley, W. G. & Zhai, R. G. BMAA neurotoxicity in Drosophila. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. 10, 61–66 (2009).
Google Scholar
Zhou, X., Escala, W., Papapetropoulos, S. & Zhai, R. G. (beta)-N-methylamino-L-alanine induces neurological deficits and shortened life span in Drosophila. Toxins 2, 2663–2679 (2010).
Google Scholar
Mekdara, N. T. et al. A novel lenticular arena to quantify locomotor competence in walking fruit flies. J. Exp. Zool. A Ecol. Genet. Physiol. 317, 382–394 (2012).
Google Scholar
Goto, J. J., Koenig, J. H. & Ikeda, K. The physiological effect of ingested (beta)-N-methylamino-L-alanine on a glutamatergic synapse in an in vivo preparation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol. 156, 171–177 (2012).
Google Scholar
Okle, O., Rath, L., Galizia, C. G. & Dietrich, D. R. The cyanobacterial neurotoxin (beta)-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) induces neuronal and behavioral changes in honeybees. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 270, 9–15 (2013).
Google Scholar
Spencer, P. S. et al. Guam amyotrophis lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia linked to a plant excitant neurotoxin. Science 237, 517–522 (1987).
Google Scholar
Bernays, E. A. & Chapman, R. F. Host-plant selection by phytophagous insects. In Host-Plant Selection by Phytophagous Insects. Contemporary Topics in Entomology, vol. 2, 201–213 (Springer, Boston, MA, 1994).
Zandt, P. A. V. Plant defense, growth, and habitat: A comparative assessment of constitutive and induced resistance. Ecology 88, 1984–1993 (2007).
Google Scholar
Duncan, M. W. Role of the cycad neurotoxin BMAA in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosi-parkisonism dementia complex of the Western Pacific. Adv. Neurol. 56, 301–310 (1991).
Google Scholar
Banack, S. A. & Cox, P. A. Distribution of the neurotoxic nonprotein amino acid BMAA in Cycas micronesica. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 143, 165–168 (2003).
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria (2021).
Therneau, T. M. A Package for Survival Analysis in R. R package version 3.2-11 (2021).
Kassambara, A., Kosinski, M. & Biecek, P. survminer: Drawing Survival Curves using ’ggplot2’. R package version 0.4.9 (2021).
Pennington, Z. T. et al. eztrack: An open-source video analysis pipeline for the investigation of animal behavior. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–11 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pérez, F. & Granger, B. E. IPython: A system for interactive scientific computing. Comput. Sci. Eng. 9, 21–29 (2007).
Google Scholar
Hammer, T. J., Janzen, D. H., Hallwachs, W., Jaffe, S. P. & Fierer, N. Caterpillars lack a resident gut microbiome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 114, 9641–9646 (2017).
Google Scholar
Karlsson, O., Roman, E. & Brittebo, E. B. Long-term cognitive impairments in adult rats treated neonatally with (beta)-N-methylamino-L-alanine. Toxicol. Sci. 112, 185–195 (2009).
Google Scholar
Whitaker, M. R. L., Salzman, S., Gratacos, X. & Tucker Lima, J. Localized overabundance of an otherwise rare butterfly threatens endangered cycads. Florida Entomol. 103, 519–522 (2021).
Google Scholar
Backmann, P. et al. Delayed chemical defense: Timely expulsion of herbivores can reduce competition with neighboring plants. Am. Nat. 193, 125–139 (2019).
Google Scholar
Yáñez-Espinosa, L. & Sosa-Sosa, F. Population structure of Dioon purpusii rose in Oaxaca, Mexico. Neotrop. Biol. Conserv. 2, 46–54 (2007).
Robbins, R. K. et al. A switch to feeding on cycads generates parallel accelerated evolution of toxin tolerance in two clades of Eumaeus caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.118 (2021).
Grunseich, J. M., Thompson, M. N., Aguirre, N. M. & Helms, A. M. The role of plant-associated microbes in mediating host-plant selection by insect herbivores. Plants 9, 6 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zhang, Y. & Whalen, J. K. Production of the neurotoxin beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine may be triggered by agricultural nutrients: An emerging public health issue. Water Res. 170, 115335 (2020).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
