Tolussi, C. E., Hilsdorf, A. W. S., Caneppele, D. & Moreira, R. G. The effects of stocking density in physiological parameters and growth of the endangered teleost species piabanha, Brycon insignis (Steindachner, 1877). Aquaculture 310, 221–228 (2010).
Wang, Y. et al. Effects of stocking density on growth, serum parameters, antioxidant status, liver and intestine histology and gene expression of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) farmed in the in-pond raceway system. Aquac. Res. 51, 5228–5240 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zahedi, S., Akbarzadeh, A., Mehrzad, J., Noori, A. & Harsij, M. Effect of stocking density on growth performance, plasma biochemistry and muscle gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 498, 271–278 (2019).
Google Scholar
Yousefi, M., Paktinat, M., Mahmoudi, N., Pérez-Jiménez, A. & Hoseini, S. M. Serum biochemical and non-specific immune responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to dietary nucleotide and chronic stress. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 42, 1417–1425 (2016).
Google Scholar
Duan, Y., Dong, X., Zhang, X. & Miao, Z. Effects of dissolved oxygen concentration and stocking density on the growth, energy budget and body composition of juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Aquac. Res. 42, 407–416 (2011).
Google Scholar
Castillo-Vargasmachuca, S. et al. Effect of stocking density on growth performance and yield of subadult pacific red snapper cultured in floating sea cages. N. Am. J. Aquac. 74, 413–418 (2012).
Upadhyay, A. et al. Stocking density matters in open water cage culture: influence on growth, digestive enzymes, haemato-immuno and stress responses of Puntius sarana (Ham, 1822). Aquaculture 547, 737445 (2021).
Kumar, V. et al. Assessment of the effect of sub-lethal acute toxicity of Emamectin benzoate in Labeo rohita using multiple biomarker approach. Toxicol. Rep. 9, 102–110 (2022).
Google Scholar
Rebl, A. et al. The synergistic interaction of thermal stress coupled with overstocking strongly modulates the transcriptomic activity and immune capacity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Sci. Rep. 10, 1–15 (2020).
Google Scholar
Braun, N., de Lima, R. L., Baldisserotto, B., Dafre, A. L. & de Oliveira Nuñer, A. P. Growth, biochemical and physiological responses of Salminus brasiliensis with different stocking densities and handling. Aquaculture 301, 22–30 (2010).
Google Scholar
Refaey, M. M., Tian, X., Tang, R. & Li, D. Changes in physiological responses, muscular composition and flesh quality of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus suffering from transport stress. Aquaculture 478, 9–15 (2017).
Google Scholar
Liu, G. et al. Influence of stocking density on growth, digestive enzyme activities, immune responses, antioxidant of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings in biofloc systems. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 81, 416–422 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kumar, G. & Engle, C. R. Technological advances that led to growth of shrimp, salmon, and tilapia farming. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac. 24, 136–152 (2016).
Sundin, L. Hypoxia and blood flow control in fish gills. In Biology of tropical fishes (eds Val, A. L. & Almeida-Val, V. M. F.) 353–362 (Manaus INPA, 1999).
Beveridge, M. C. M. Cage Aquaculture Vol. 5 (John Wiley & Sons, 2008).
Valenti, W. C., Barros, H. P., Moraes-Valenti, P., Bueno, G. W. & Cavalli, R. O. Aquaculture in Brazil: past, present and future. Aquac. Rep. 19, 100611 (2021).
Das, A. K., Meena, D. K. & Sharma, A. P. Cage farming in an Indian Reservoir. World Aquac. 45, 56–59 (2014).
Sarkar, U. K. et al. Status, prospects, threats, and the way forward for sustainable management and enhancement of the tropical Indian reservoir fisheries: an overview. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac. 26, 155–175 (2018).
Singh, A. K. & Lakra, W. S. Culture of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus into India: impacts and present scenario. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 15, 19 (2012).
Google Scholar
Jena, J. et al. Evaluation of growth performance of Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch), Labeo gonius (Hamilton) and Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker) in polyculture with Labeo rohita (Hamilton) during fingerlings rearing at varied densities. Aquaculture 319, 493–496 (2011).
Liu, B., Jia, R., Han, C., Huang, B. & Lei, J.-L. Effects of stocking density on antioxidant status, metabolism and immune response in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 190, 1–8 (2016).
Google Scholar
Wu, F. et al. Effect of stocking density on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and muscle texture properties of genetically improved farm tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquac. Int. 26, 1247–1259 (2018).
Google Scholar
Andrade, T. et al. Evaluation of different stocking densities in a Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) farm: implications for growth, humoral immune parameters and oxidative status. Aquaculture 438, 6–11 (2015).
Google Scholar
Qi, C. et al. Effect of stocking density on growth, physiological responses, and body composition of juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. J. World Aquac. Soc. 47, 358–368 (2016).
Google Scholar
Shao, T. et al. Evaluation of the effects of different stocking densities on growth and stress responses of juvenile hybrid grouper♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus×♂ Epinephelus lanceolatus in recirculating aquaculture systems. J. Fish Biol. 95, 1022–1029 (2019).
Google Scholar
Adineh, H., Naderi, M., Hamidi, M. K. & Harsij, M. Biofloc technology improves growth, innate immune responses, oxidative status, and resistance to acute stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under high stocking density. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 95, 440–448 (2019).
Google Scholar
Fazelan, Z., Vatnikov, Y. A., Kulikov, E. V., Plushikov, V. G. & Yousefi, M. Effects of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinale) administration on growth performance and stress, immunological, and antioxidant responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) reared under high stocking density. Aquaculture 518, 734833 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hoseini, S. M., Yousefi, M., Hoseinifar, S. H. & Van Doan, H. Effects of dietary arginine supplementation on growth, biochemical, and immunological responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), stressed by stocking density. Aquaculture 503, 452–459 (2019).
Google Scholar
Adineh, H., Naderi, M., Nazer, A., Yousefi, M. & Ahmadifar, E. Interactive effects of stocking density and dietary supplementation with nano selenium and garlic extract on growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes, stress responses, and antioxidant capacity of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. J. World Aquac. Soc. 52, 789–804 (2021).
Google Scholar
Zhao, H. et al. Transcriptome and physiological analysis reveal alterations in muscle metabolisms and immune responses of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) cultured at different stocking densities. Aquaculture 503, 186–197 (2019).
Google Scholar
Frisso, R. M., de Matos, F. T., Moro, G. V. & de Mattos, B. O. Stocking density of Amazon fish (Colossoma macropomum) farmed in a continental neotropical reservoir with a net cages system. Aquaculture 529, 735702 (2020).
Google Scholar
Tammam, M. S., Wassef, E. A., Toutou, M. M. & El-Sayed, A.-F.M. Combined effects of surface area of periphyton substrates and stocking density on growth performance, health status, and immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) produced in cages. J. Appl. Phycol. 32, 3419–3428 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zaki, M. A. A. et al. The impact of stocking density and dietary carbon sources on the growth, oxidative status and stress markers of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared under biofloc conditions. Aquac. Reports 16, 100282 (2020).
Rowland, S. J., Mifsud, C., Nixon, M. & Boyd, P. Effects of stocking density on the performance of the Australian freshwater silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) in cages. Aquaculture 253, 301–308 (2006).
Mohler, J. W., King, M. K. & Farrell, P. R. Growth and survival of first-feeding and fingerling Atlantic sturgeon under culture conditions. N. Am. J. Aquac. 62, 174–183 (2000).
Mirghaed, A. T., Hoseini, S. M. & Ghelichpour, M. Effects of dietary 1, 8-cineole supplementation on physiological, immunological and antioxidant responses to crowding stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 81, 182–188 (2018).
Hoseini, S. M., Mirghaed, A. T., Iri, Y. & Ghelichpour, M. Effects of dietary cineole administration on growth performance, hematological and biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 495, 766–772 (2018).
Google Scholar
Barton, B. A., Morgan, J. D. & Vijayan, M. M. Physiological and condition-related indicators of environmental stress in fish. In Biological Indicators of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress (ed. Adams, S. M.) 111–148 (American Fisheries Society, 2002).
Varela, J. L. et al. Dietary administration of probiotic Pdp11 promotes growth and improves stress tolerance to high stocking density in gilthead seabream Sparus auratus. Aquaculture 309, 265–271 (2010).
Google Scholar
Costas, B., Aragão, C., Dias, J., Afonso, A. & Conceição, L. E. C. Interactive effects of a high-quality protein diet and high stocking density on the stress response and some innate immune parameters of Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 39, 1141–1151 (2013).
Google Scholar
Long, L. et al. Effects of stocking density on growth, stress, and immune responses of juvenile Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) in a recirculating aquaculture system. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 219, 25–34 (2019).
Google Scholar
Sadhu, N., Sharma, S. R. K., Joseph, S., Dube, P. & Philipose, K. K. Chronic stress due to high stocking density in open sea cage farming induces variation in biochemical and immunological functions in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 40, 1105–1113 (2014).
Google Scholar
Zahran, E., Risha, E., AbdelHamid, F., Mahgoub, H. A. & Ibrahim, T. Effects of dietary Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on growth performance, immunological parameters, digestive enzymes, and intestinal morphology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 38, 149–157 (2014).
Google Scholar
Aruoma, O. I. Free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants in human health and disease. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75, 199–212 (1998).
Google Scholar
Haridas, H. et al. Enhanced growth and immuno-physiological response of genetically improved farmed Tilapia in indoor biofloc units at different stocking densities. Aquac. Res. 48, 4346–4355 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ruane, N. M., Carballo, E. C. & Komen, J. Increased stocking density influences the acute physiological stress response of common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.). Aquac. Res. 33, 777–784 (2002).
Wang, X. et al. Effects of stocking density on growth, nonspecific immune response, and antioxidant status in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). (2013).
Johnson, K. M. & Lema, S. C. Tissue-specific thyroid hormone regulation of gene transcripts encoding iodothyronine deiodinases and thyroid hormone receptors in striped parrotfish (Scarus iseri). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 172, 505–517 (2011).
Google Scholar
El-Khaldi, A. T. F. Effect of different stress factors on some physiological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 17, 241–246 (2010).
Google Scholar
Sharma, A., Devi, S., Singh, K. & Prabhakar, P. K. Correlation of body mass index with thyroid-stimulating hormones in thyroid patient. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 11, 65–68 (2018).
Li, D., Liu, Z. & Xie, C. Effect of stocking density on growth and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and cortisol in Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 38, 511–520 (2012).
Google Scholar
Park, J.-W. et al. The thyroid endocrine disruptor perchlorate affects reproduction, growth, and survival of mosquitofish. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 63, 343–352 (2006).
Google Scholar
Refaey, M. M. et al. High stocking density alters growth performance, blood biochemistry, intestinal histology, and muscle quality of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture 492, 73–81 (2018).
Google Scholar
Reinecke, M. et al. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors in fish: where we are and where to go. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 142, 20–24 (2005).
Google Scholar
Salas-Leiton, E. et al. Dexamethasone modulates expression of genes involved in the innate immune system, growth and stress and increases susceptibility to bacterial disease in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 32, 769–778 (2012).
Google Scholar
Dyer, A. R. et al. Correlation of plasma IGF-I concentrations and growth rate in aquacultured finfish: a tool for assessing the potential of new diets. Aquaculture 236, 583–592 (2004).
Google Scholar
Kajimura, S. et al. Dual mode of cortisol action on GH/IGF-I/IGF binding proteins in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. J. Endocrinol. 178, 91–99 (2003).
Google Scholar
Ren, Y., Wen, H., Li, Y. & Li, J. Stocking density affects the growth performance and metabolism of Amur sturgeon by regulating expression of genes in the GH/IGF axis. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 36, 956–972 (2018).
Google Scholar
Salas-Leiton, E. et al. Effects of stocking density and feed ration on growth and gene expression in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis): potential effects on the immune response. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 28, 296–302 (2010).
Google Scholar
Vijayan, M. M., Aluru, N. & Leatherland, J. F. Stress response and the role of cortisol. Fish Dis. Disord. 2, 182–201 (2010).
Hegazi, M. M., Attia, Z. I. & Ashour, O. A. Oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in liver and white muscle of Nile tilapia juveniles in chronic ammonia exposure. Aquat. Toxicol. 99, 118–125 (2010).
Google Scholar
Kpundeh, M. D., Xu, P., Yang, H., Qiang, J. & He, J. Stocking densities and chronic zero culture water exchange stress’ effects on biological performances, hematological and serum biochemical indices of GIFT tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus). J. Aquac. Res. Dev. 4, 2 (2013).
Tan, C. et al. Effects of stocking density on growth, body composition, digestive enzyme levels and blood biochemical parameters of Anguilla marmorata in a recirculating aquaculture system. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 18, 9–16 (2018).
Ni, M. et al. The physiological performance and immune responses of juvenile Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii) to stocking density and hypoxia stress. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 36, 325–335 (2014).
Google Scholar
Abdel-Tawwab, M. Effects of dietary protein levels and rearing density on growth performance and stress response of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Int. Aquat. Res. 4, 1–13 (2012).
Chatterjee, N. et al. Effect of stocking density and journey length on the welfare of rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton) fry. Aquac. Int. 18, 859–868 (2010).
Pakhira, C., Nagesh, T. S., Abraham, T. J., Dash, G. & Behera, S. Stress responses in rohu, Labeo rohita transported at different densities. Aquac. Rep. 2, 39–45 (2015).
Tahmasebi-Kohyani, A., Keyvanshokooh, S., Nematollahi, A., Mahmoudi, N. & Pasha-Zanoosi, H. Effects of dietary nucleotides supplementation on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) performance and acute stress response. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 38, 431–440 (2012).
Google Scholar
Montero, D. et al. Effect of vitamin E and C dietary supplementation on some immune parameters of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles subjected to crowding stress. Aquaculture 171, 269–278 (1999).
Google Scholar
Urbinati, E. C., de Abreu, J. S., da Silva Camargo, A. C. & Parra, M. A. L. Loading and transport stress of juvenile matrinxã (Brycon cephalus, Characidae) at various densities. Aquaculture 229, 389–400 (2004).
Evans, D. H. Cell signaling and ion transport across the fish gill epithelium. J. Exp. Zool. 293, 336–347 (2002).
Google Scholar
McCormick, S. D. Endocrine control of osmoregulation in teleost fish. Am. Zool. 41, 781–794 (2001).
Google Scholar
Postlethwaite, E. & McDonald, D. Mechanisms of Na+ and C-regulation in freshwater-adapted rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during exercise and stress. J. Exp. Biol. 198, 295–304 (1995).
Google Scholar
Liu, P., Du, Y., Meng, L., Li, X. & Liu, Y. Metabolic profiling in kidneys of Atlantic salmon infected with Aeromonas salmonicida based on 1H NMR. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 58, 292–301 (2016).
Google Scholar
Hosfeld, C. D., Hammer, J., Handeland, S. O., Fivelstad, S. & Stefansson, S. O. Effects of fish density on growth and smoltification in intensive production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 294, 236–241 (2009).
Wagner, E. I., Miller, S. A. & Bosakowski, T. Ammonia excretion by rainbow trout over a 24-hour period at two densities during oxygen injection. Progress. Fish-Culturist 57, 199–205 (1995).
Dong, J. et al. Effect of stocking density on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and nonspecific immune parameters of Palaemonetes sinensis. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 73, 37–41 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wang, Y. et al. Effects of stocking density on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant resistance, and intestinal microflora of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) juveniles. Aquac. Res. 50, 236–246 (2019).
Google Scholar
Trenzado, C. E. et al. Effect of dietary lipid content and stocking density on digestive enzymes profile and intestinal histology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 497, 10–16 (2018).
Google Scholar
Li, X., Liu, Y. & Blancheton, J.-P. Effect of stocking density on performances of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in recirculating aquaculture systems. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 31, 514–522 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ezhilmathi, S. et al. Effect of stocking density on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, body composition and gene expression of Asian seabass reared in recirculating aquaculture system. Aquac. Res. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15725 (2022).
Google Scholar
Bolasina, S., Tagawa, M., Yamashita, Y. & Tanaka, M. Effect of stocking density on growth, digestive enzyme activity and cortisol level in larvae and juveniles of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture 259, 432–443 (2006).
Google Scholar
Hoseini, S. M., Hoseinifar, S. H. & Van Doan, H. Effect of dietary eucalyptol on stress markers, enzyme activities and immune indicators in serum and haematological characteristics of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to toxic concentration of ambient copper. Aquac. Res. 49, 3045–3054 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ni, M. et al. Effects of stocking density on mortality, growth and physiology of juvenile Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii). Aquac. Res. 47, 1596–1604 (2016).
Google Scholar
Abdel-Tawwab, M., Hagras, A. E., Elbaghdady, H. A. M. & Monier, M. N. Dissolved oxygen level and stocking density effects on growth, feed utilization, physiology, and innate immunity of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J. Appl. Aquac. 26, 340–355 (2014).
Toko, I., Fiogbe, E. D., Koukpode, B. & Kestemont, P. Rearing of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and vundu catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) in traditional fish ponds (whedos): effect of stocking density on growth, production and body composition. Aquaculture 262, 65–72 (2007).
Suárez, M. D. et al. Influence of dietary lipids and culture density on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) flesh composition and quality parameter. Aquac. Eng. 63, 16–24 (2014).
Santín, A., Grinyó, J., Bilan, M., Ambroso, S. & Puig, P. First report of the carnivorous sponge Lycopodina hypogea (Cladorhizidae) associated with marine debris, and its possible implications on deep-sea connectivity. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 159, 111501 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jørpeland, G., Imsland, A., Stien, L. H., Bleie, H. & Roth, B. Effects of filleting method, stress, storage and season on the quality of farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Aquac. Res. 46, 1597–1607 (2015).
Bulow, F. J. RNA-DNA ratios as indicators of growth in fish: a review. In The Age and growth of fish (eds Summerfelt, R. C. & Hall, G. E.) 45–64 (Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 1987).
Regnault, M. & Luquet, P. Study by evolution of nucleic acid content of prepuberal growth in the shrimp Crangon vulgaris. Mar. Biol. 25, 291–298 (1974).
Google Scholar
Tanaka, H. K. M. et al. High resolution imaging in the inhomogeneous crust with cosmic-ray muon radiography: the density structure below the volcanic crater floor of Mt. Asama, Japan. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 263, 104–113 (2007).
Google Scholar
Gwak, W. S. & Tanaka, M. Developmental change in RNA: DNA ratios of fed and starved laboratory-reared Japanese flounder larvae and juveniles, and its application to assessment of nutritional condition for wild fish. J. Fish Biol. 59, 902–915 (2001).
Google Scholar
Ali, M., Iqbal, R., Rana, S. A., Athar, M. & Iqbal, F. Effect of feed cycling on specific growth rate, condition factor and RNA/DNA ratio of Labeo rohita. African J. Biotechnol. 5, 1551–1556 (2006).
Google Scholar
Zehra, S. & Khan, M. A. Dietary lysine requirement of fingerling Catla catla (Hamilton) based on growth, protein deposition, lysine retention efficiency, RNA/DNA ratio and carcass composition. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 39, 503–512 (2013).
Google Scholar
Misra, H. P. & Fridovich, I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J. Biol. Chem. 247, 3170–3175 (1972).
Google Scholar
Takahara, S. et al. Hypocatalasemia: a new genetic carrier state. J. Clin. Invest. 39, 610–619 (1960).
Google Scholar
Rick, W. & Stegbauer, H. P. α-Amylase measurement of reducing groups. In Methods of Enzymatic Analysis (ed. Bergmeyer, H. S.) 885–890 (Elsevier, 1974).
Cherry, I. S. & Crandall, L. A. Jr. The specificity of pancreatic lipase: its appearance in the blood after pancreatic injury. Am. J. Physiol. Content 100, 266–273 (1932).
Google Scholar
Drapeau, G. R. [38] Protease from Staphyloccus aureus. In Methods in Enzymology (eds Jura, N. & Murphy, J. M.) 469–475 (Elsevier, 1976).
AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists Washington, DC, 2005).
Bosworth, B. G., Small, B. C. & Mischke, C. Effects of transport water temperature, aerator type, and oxygen level on channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fillet quality. J. World Aquac. Soc. 35, 412–419 (2004).
Ma, L. Q., Qi, C. L., Cao, J. J. & Li, D. P. Comparative study on muscle texture profile and nutritional value of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) reared in ponds and reservoir cages. J. Fish. China 38, 532–537 (2014).
APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. (American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, 2012).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
