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Methanotrophy under extreme alkalinity in a serpentinizing system


Abstract

Serpentinization produces hyperalkaline, H₂- and CH₄-rich fluids that support microbial life and serve as analogs for ocean worlds such as Enceladus. While methane production in these systems has been well studied, methane consumption—especially under high pH—remains poorly understood. Here, we present isotopic, geochemical, and genomic evidence for hyperalkaliphilic (pH > 11) methanotrophy in the Samail ophiolite of Oman. Using models that account for fluid mixing and gas exsolution, we identify δ¹³CH₄ enrichment that cannot be explained by abiotic processes alone. The enrichment of 13CH4 co-occurs with methanotroph 16S rRNA gene sequences, particularly in fluids formed by mixing CH₄-rich, reduced fluids with oxidant-rich waters. Shotgun metagenome sequencing reveals a metagenome-assembled genome affiliated with Methylovulum, encoding a complete methane oxidation pathway, multiple carbon assimilation routes, and Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters—adaptations likely enabling growth above pH 11. Our findings highlight the viability of methanotrophy under extreme high pH conditions and provide a framework for interpreting δ¹³CH₄ signals in serpentinizing environments on Earth and beyond.

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Acknowledgments

This research received financial support for its execution, authorship, and publication. Fieldwork was supported by NASA Exobiology Grant NNX12AB38G, the NASA Astrobiology Institute’s Rock-Powered Life (RPL) initiative under Grant NNA15BB02A, and NSF Grant EAR-1515513. This work used the Water-Organic-Rock-Microbe (WORM) Portal funded by NSF Grants EAR-1949030 and EAR-2149016. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was conducted with funding from the Deep Carbon Observatory’s Census of Deep Life, supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Additional support was provided by NASA’s Planetary Science Division through the Center for Life Detection Internal Science Funding Model team. A. E. G. H. received postdoctoral fellowship funding through the NASA Postdoctoral Program at NASA Ames Research Center. L. F. contributions were supported by the University of Washington Astrobiology Program. M. G. S. and E. C. contributed to the project as part of the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science Young Scientist Program at NASA Ames Research Center, under the guidance of A. E. G. H. and T. M. H. Publication of this article was funded by the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries Open Access Fund.

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Alta E. G. Howells.

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Howells, A.E.G., Robinson, K., Silva, M.G. et al. Methanotrophy under extreme alkalinity in a serpentinizing system.
Nat Commun (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72513-6

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