Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs) do not occur naturally but are ubiquitous in the environment due to their high production, consumption, and subsequent environmental introduction. Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues can cause oxidative stress, developmental alterations, or neuroendocrine alterations among marine species. Because of BP’s association with ecological and human health risks, it is necessary to monitor the concentrations of these compounds in the environment. This study aimed to analyze the occurrence of BPA and its analogues in urban reservoirs and determine their concentrations during two sampling campaigns (November and April). The concentration of bisphenols, including BPA, bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol G (BPG), bisphenol Cl2 (BPCl2), bisphenol AP (BPAP), bisphenol Z (BPZ) and bisphenol M (BPM) was measured using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method in water from 19 urban reservoirs collected under various seasonal conditions (November and April). The values of BPA concentrations in the target reservoirs ranged from 0.004 to 1.281 µg/L, while those of BPA analogues were in the range of < LOD – 1.935 µg/L. The conducted experiments showed a statistically significant difference between the two sampling campaigns, with higher concentrations observed in samples collected in April. A positive correlation was observed between BP concentration and water pH. Also, higher concentrations of BPB, BPC, BPE, BPF, BPCl2, BPAP, BPZ, and BPM were observed during the April sampling campaign than during the November campaign. Measured BPs concentrations were associated with low individual risk; however, mixture effects indicated potential ecological concern for aquatic invertebrates. Further research is needed to investigate how rising bisphenol concentrations affect fish, as their consumption could pose a risk to human health.
Abbreviations
- BPs:
bisphenols
- BPA:
bisphenol A
- BPB:
bisphenol B
- BPC:
bisphenol C
- BPE:
bisphenol E
- BPF:
bisphenol F
- BPCl2
: bisphenol Cl2
- BPAP:
bisphenol AP
- BPZ:
bisphenol Z
- BPM:
bisphenol M
- GC:
MS-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- USAEME:
ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction
- BOD:
biochemical oxygen demand
- COD:
chemical oxygen demand
- EC:
electrolytic conductivity
- TN:
total nitrogen
- TP:
total phosphorus
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Supplementary Material 1 (download DOCX )
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Reprints and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tylicka, M., Kapała, J., Kotowska, U. et al. Concentrations of bisphenol A and selected bisphenol analogues in urban reservoirs in different seasonal conditions.
Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63376-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63376-4
Keywords
- Bisphenols
- Bisphenol analogues
- Seasonal conditions
- Ecological risk
- Urban reservoirs
- Toxic effects
Source: Ecology - nature.com
