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A Wolbachia lineage likely representing a new supergroup (Y) dominates the microbiome of the quill mite Syringophilus bipectinatus Heller, 1880 (Acariformes: Syringophilidae)

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Abstract

The microbiome plays a key role in animal biology, including host reproduction. Quill mites (Acariformes: Syringophilidae) are understudied ectoparasites of birds, with many species exhibiting strongly female-biased sex ratios. Previous studies have identified unique strains of Wolbachia and Spiroplasma in quill mites, both known to manipulate host reproduction in other arthropods. To further investigate this association, we analyzed the microbiome of Syringophilus bipectinatus Heller, 1880, a relatively early-diverging quill mite species parasitizing the Red Junglefowl (domestic type) (Galliformes: Phasianidae), using 16S rRNA gene profiling. We categorized mite specimens by sex and developmental stage to test for potential associations between microbiome composition and sex ratios. We report the first detection of Wolbachia in S. bipectinatus with a single amplicon sequence variant (ASV) consistently detected across all analyzed samples, accounting for 56–99% of total bacterial sequence reads. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and four protein-coding genes (fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, hcpA) recovered this strain as a deeply divergent Wolbachia lineage that does not cluster with any previously described supergroup. This lineage is therefore interpreted as likely representing a novel Wolbachia supergroup (Y), although its formal status requires further validation using genome-scale data. Its consistent presence across both sexes and all developmental stages suggests a stable and potentially obligate association, although its functional role remains to be determined. In addition, we identified bacterial taxa also reported from avian hosts, including potentially pathogenic genera such as Arcobacter, highlighting the complex microbial ecology of quill mites.

Data availability

The data supporting this study’s findings are openly available in NCBI under BioProject accession number PRJNA1250786 and are shown in Table 2.

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Acknowledgements

The National Science Centre of Poland supported this study Grant UMO-2021/03/Y/NZ8/00060 (EGP). We thank the reviewers for their valuable comments on the manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge the Polish high-performance computing infrastructure PLGrid (HPC Centre: ACK Cyfronet AGH) for providing computer facilities and support within the computational Grant No. PLG/2024/017905.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland, under Grant No. UMO-2021/03/Y/NZ8/00060.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Morphology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland

    Eliza Głowska-Patyniak & Kamila Ostrowska

  2. Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland

    Julia Olechnowicz, Miroslawa Dabert & Artur Trzebny

  3. Czech Agrifood Research Center, Drnovska 507/73, 16106, Prague 6 – Ruzyne, Czech Republic

    Jan Hubert

  4. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland

    Edyta Konecka

  5. Department of Bioinformatics, Kalinga University, New Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492101, India

    Amresh Kumar Sharma

  6. Biocomputing Research Laboratory, Centre of Bioinformatics, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211002, India

    Amresh Kumar Sharma & Anup Som

Authors

  1. Eliza Głowska-Patyniak
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Contributions

Conceptualization, Eliza Glowska-Patyniak, Kamila Ostrowska, Jan Hubert and Artur Trzebny; Data curation, Eliza Glowska-Patyniak and Artur Trzebny; Formal analysis, Eliza Glowska-Patyniak, Artur Trzebny, Amresh Kumar Sharma, Anup Som, Jan Hubert; Funding acquisition, Eliza Glowska-Patyniak, Jan Hubert; Investigation, Eliza Glowska-Patyniak, Kamila Ostrowska, Julia Olechnowicz, Jan Hubert, Miroslawa Dabert and Artur Trzebny; Methodology, Miroslawa Dabert, Kamila Ostrowska, Eliza Glowska-Patyniak, Julia Olechnowicz, Edyta Konecka, Amresh Kumar Sharma, Anup Som and Artur Trzebny; Project administration, Eliza Glowska-Patyniak; Resources, Eliza Glowska-Patyniak; Software, Artur Trzebny, Edyta Konecka, Amresh Kumar Sharma, Anup Som and Eliza Glowska-Patyniak; Supervision, Eliza Glowska-Patyniak; Validation, Eliza Glowska-Patyniak; Visualization, Artur Trzebny, Edyta Konecka, Amresh Kumar Sharma, Anup Som and Eliza Glowska-Patyniak; Writing—original draft, all authors; Writing—review & editing, all authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Głowska-Patyniak, E., Ostrowska, K., Olechnowicz, J. et al. A Wolbachia lineage likely representing a new supergroup (Y) dominates the microbiome of the quill mite Syringophilus bipectinatus Heller, 1880 (Acariformes: Syringophilidae).
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