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Elemental patterns in antarctic limpet shells indicate size and geographic differences based on gull pellet assemblages

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Abstract

Seabirds play a key role in connecting different parts of Antarctic ecosystems, yet the biogeochemical consequences of their interactions with marine invertebrates are not well understood. This study examines Nacella concinna shells recovered from kelp gull (Larus dominicanus) pellets across ten Antarctic islands, investigating how interactions between seabirds and limpets record elemental signatures shaped by organismal traits and environmental conditions. By analysing the levels of various elements (calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, cobalt, aluminium, nickel, tin and beryllium), we demonstrate that gull pellets provide a unique and underutilised record of marine-terrestrial nutrient transfer. This approach reveals how seabirds redistribute elements from coastal benthic habitats to terrestrial deposition sites, offering new insights into nutrient cycling and ecological connectivity in extreme polar environments. The elemental patterns in the shells reflect a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Shell size, used as a proxy for age, strongly influenced the concentrations of Mg, P, Mn, Be and Zn, indicating that there are age-related physiological controls on biomineralisation. Geographic location also modulated elemental composition, with elements such as copper and tin (Sn) showing pronounced spatial variability. This suggests that local environmental conditions shape elemental uptake prior to ingestion by gulls. The combined sensitivity of Mg, P, Sn and Ni to both size and geography highlights their potential as reliable indicators of ecological variability and environmental change across Antarctic islands. This study provides a novel framework for understanding how biological processes mediate nutrient redistribution in polar ecosystems by capturing the biogeochemical imprint of seabird–limpet interactions. Gull pellets are revealed to be not only biological remnants, but also focal points of elemental deposition and integrative records of marine-terrestrial linkages. These findings enhance our comprehension of ecosystem resilience in the swiftly evolving Antarctic region, emphasising the significance of seabird-mediated pathways in shaping nutrient dynamics and habitat functionality.

Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.

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Acknowledgements

Special thanks are due to Dr Tymur Bedernichek and Dr Tetyana Partyka for their professional support and contributions, which greatly enhanced the quality of this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland, Arciszewski St. 22b, Słupsk, 76-200

    Natalia Kurhaluk, Tomasz Hetmański & Halina Tkaczenko

  2. Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland

    Piotr Kamiński

  3. Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland

    Piotr Kamiński

  4. Department of Forestry, National Forestry University of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

    Pavlo Khoyetskyy

  5. Institute of Exact and Technical Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland

    Agnieszka Włodarkiewicz

  6. Livestock Farming Institute, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine

    Ievgenii Aksonov

  7. Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski St. 22b, Słupsk, 76-200, Poland

    Natalia Kurhaluk

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Contributions

NK, PK, PKh, and HT conceived the ideas and designed the methodology. PKh collected the samples of Nacella concinna . NK, PK, PKh, IA, TH, AW and HT analysed and interpreted the data. NK, HT, PK and TH wrote and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content.

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Natalia Kurhaluk.

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Kurhaluk, N., Kamiński, P., Khoyetskyy, P. et al. Elemental patterns in antarctic limpet shells indicate size and geographic differences based on gull pellet assemblages.
Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42536-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42536-6

Keywords

  • Antarctic ecosystems
  • Environmental indicators
  • Ecological monitoring
  • Shell elemental composition
  • Limpet size
  • Marine biomineralisation

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