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Prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Australian wild birds, native wildlife, livestock and domestic animals

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Abstract

The ESKAPE pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, poses a serious threat to medical, veterinary, and agricultural practices globally, and thus has been declared a “Priority Pathogen” by the World Health Organisation. Understanding P. aeruginosa prevalence in wild bird populations, livestock, and domestic animals is vital for evaluating potential infection reservoirs. In this study, we screened 1,669 DNA samples obtained between 2010 and 2023 from healthy and diseased wild birds (n = 1,101), domestic animals (n = 269), livestock (n = 133), kangaroos (n = 39), and koalas (n = 127) from Southeast Queensland, Australia, for both P. aeruginosa and overall bacterial load using an ecfX-16 S rRNA duplex real-time PCR assay. P. aeruginosa-positive samples were also screened for the two most common fluoroquinolone resistance genotypes, GyrA Thr83Ile and GyrA Asp87Asn. Overall, only 1.8% of samples from our large and diverse sample set tested positive for P. aeruginosa. Livestock samples showed the highest P. aeruginosa prevalence (4.5%, n = 6), driven primarily by horses (7.4%, n = 5), with wild birds (1.5%, n = 17), koalas (1.6%, n = 2), and domestic animals (1.9%, n = 5) having the next highest rates. In contrast, no P. aeruginosa positive samples were identified in cattle (n = 45) or kangaroos (n = 39). Nearly all positive wild bird samples originated from eye swabs (94%, n = 16). No additional correlation between swab site, health status, or admission cause was identified. No GyrA Asp87Asn variants were seen; however, the GyrA Thr83Ile variant was seen in 2/30 (6.6%) P. aeruginosa-positive samples, both of horse origin. This finding suggests the presence of a fluoroquinolone resistant subpopulation, however confirmation through phenotypic resistance profiling was unable to be performed. Our findings provide important insight into the epidemiology of P. aeruginosa in Australian wildlife and domestic animal populations from South-East Queensland. Further prevalence studies, particularly covering a broader geographical region, are warranted to better elucidate nationwide P. aeruginosa carriage, infection, and fluoroquinolone resistance rates.

Data availability

P. aeruginosa positive control strains for qPCR assays are publicly available in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA), specifically: P. aeruginosa identification (SCHI0005.S.8, NCBI ID: SRR15793216), GyrA Thr83Ile wild-type strain (SCHI0002.S.8, NCBI ID: SRR15793214), GyrA Thr83Ile CIP-resistant strain (SCHI0033.S.15, NCBI ID: SRR15793165), GyrA Asp87Asn wild-type strain (SCHI0004.S.5, NCBI ID: SRR15793159) and GyrA Asp87Asn CIP-resistant strain (SCHI0005.S.9, NCBI ID: SRR15793213).

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Acknowledgements

This manuscript has been uploaded as a preprint on bioRxiv to facilitate early dissemination of the findings (doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.23.661201.71 

Funding

This work was funded by the Wishlist Foundation (SERTF award no. CRG-2023-09; EPP and DSS) National Health and Medical Research Council (award no. 2039264; EPP and DSS), and an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship (KRS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia

    Kellie R. Strickland, Martina Jelocnik, Erin P. Price & Derek S. Sarovich

  2. Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia

    Kellie R. Strickland, Erin P. Price & Derek S. Sarovich

  3. School of Science, Technology, and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia

    Kellie R. Strickland, Martina Jelocnik & Erin P. Price

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  1. Kellie R. Strickland
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Contributions

KS was primarily responsible for conducting the laboratory experiments, performing data processing and analysis, and drafting the manuscript. EPP and DSS supported the experimental work, provided expertise with data interpretation, and provided critical revisions to the manuscript. MJ supplied the clinical samples, offered subject-matter expertise, and contributed to the review and refinement of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Derek S. Sarovich.

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All study samples were deemed as exempt from animal ethics requirements, as determined by the University of the Sunshine Coast Animal Ethics committee (waivers ANE1939, ANE1940, and ANE2057).

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Strickland, K.R., Jelocnik, M., Price, E.P. et al. Prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Australian wild birds, native wildlife, livestock and domestic animals.
Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-43853-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-43853-6

Keywords

  • QPCR
  • Antimicrobial resistance
  • Fluoroquinolone
  • Wildlife disease
  • Zoonosis
  • Ocular disease
  • Livestock
  • Rapid diagnostics

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