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Springs are hotspots of microbial diversity in the hydrologic continuum


Abstract

Freshwater springs worldwide are recognised for their high level of ecological diversity and specialisation. However, their role in harbouring and transmitting biota from below ground into freshwater catchments remains poorly studied. Here we investigate the ecohydrological role of springs across the groundwater-spring-surface water continuum in Australia’s iconic Great Artesian Basin, using microbial environmental DNA and the naturally occurring radioisotope tracer, radon. By analysing taxonomic richness and shared/unique taxa across several aquifer (n = 7), spring (n = 15) and surface water samples (n = 13), we show that the greatest biodiversity occurs in springs. Functional trait analysis and identification of indicator taxa associated with variation in 222Rn further demonstrates the groundwater-dependence of catchments in the region and that springs are a key link by which sub-surface microbial diversity and functional signatures are exported into surface water bodies. Springs in the Great Artesian Basin and worldwide are threatened by development pressures and thus the vital ecological role they play within freshwater systems must be urgently recognised and protected.

Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely thank the Wardingarri Aboriginal Corporation Board for granting permission to visit and sample on Iman Country and acknowledge their custodianship of Iman lands and waters. The authors also acknowledge the Traditional Owners who have connections to the unceded lands and waters of Carnarvon National Park. The authors would like to thank Craig Eddie for invaluable assistance in guiding field planning, Bruce Cosh, and all the landholders who contributed their time and knowledge to facilitate sampling. The authors are immeasurably grateful to Ruby Hotchin for her astute support in the field. Thank you to Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service & Partnerships for support of this project.

Funding

M.E. discloses support for the research of this work from a Postgraduate Research Award (PGRA) via AINSE Ltd. M.C. and M.E. disclose research support for this work from the Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association (ACLCA). M.d.B., J.D.B. and H.H. declare no relevant funding.

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Matthew Currell.

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Esmond, M., de Bruyn, M., DiBattista, J. et al. Springs are hotspots of microbial diversity in the hydrologic continuum.
Commun Earth Environ (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03740-4

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