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Synthesised database of wild bee and hoverfly records in Europe

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Abstract

Wild bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) and hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae), the two major groups of insect pollinators, are undergoing alarming declines worldwide, including Europe. The lack of accessible and verified spatial and temporal occurrence records currently challenges efforts to understand and mitigate this decline. Here, we compiled datasets from diverse sources, including taxonomists, national experts, public repositories, museum collections, published literature, verified open-access platforms, and aggregated datasets from previous European projects. The collected data were standardised, cleaned and validated by taxonomists and national experts. This collective effort resulted in two databases comprising more than 4.34 million and 1.04 million records for wild bees and hoverflies, respectively. The databases cover 97% of the European bee fauna (2,083 species out of 2,138 recorded in Europe) and 97% of the European hoverfly fauna (886 species out of 913 recorded in Europe). These standardised databases constitute essential resources for future assessments of status and trends, habitat associations, and other research and conservation initiatives to protect and understand wild pollinators on the European continent.

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Data availability

The bee and hoverfly databases, with their associated metadata, are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17107215 (Zenodo repository). The taxonomic dictionaries and cleaning scripts for wild bees and hoverflies are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16412138 (Zenodo repository).

Code availability

The code used for the analyses in this study is available on GitHub at [https://github.com/Safeguarding-European-wild-pollinators/SafeguardEuropeanWildBee], implemented in the Zenodo repository48. This repository includes all scripts and documentation necessary to reproduce the results presented in this paper. The analyses conducted in this study used several R packages for data wrangling, visualisation, and spatial analysis. Key packages included: ‘dplyr’39 (v1.1.4): for data wrangling and transformation; ‘sf’40,41 (v1.0-16): for handling spatial data; ‘ggplot2’51 (v3.5.0): for data visualisation; ‘lubridate’52 (v1.9.3): for working with date-time data; and ‘tidyr’53 (v1.3.1): for tidying and reshaping data. Refer to the Github repository for a complete list of packages and their respective versions used in the analysis.

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Acknowledgements

A. Sentil, M. Miličić, D. Michez, I. Steffan-Dewenter, I. Bartomeus, L. Marini, A. Andrić, J. Ačanski, S. Veselić, A. Vujić, S. G. Potts and T. Skendžić are funded by the H2020 project Safeguard (Safeguarding European wild pollinators, grant agreement No. 101003476). A. Andrić, M. Miličić, J. Ačanski, S. Veselić, A. Vujić, S. Popov, S. Mudri Stojnić, T. Tot, A. Grković, M. Janković Milosavljević, S. Radenković and L. Likov acknowledge the financial support of the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (Grants No. 451-03-137/2025-03/200125, 451-03-136/2025-03/ 200125 and 451-03-136/2025-03/200358). M. Miličić, A. Vujić, T. Tot, A. Grković, M. JankovićMilosavljević, S. Radenković, L. likov and A. Đorđević are supported by Taxo-Fly (Taxonomic resources for European hoverflies, contract No. 09.029901/2021/850402/SER/ENV.D.2). A. Andrić, M. Miličić, J. Ačanski, A. Vujić, D. Michez, J. Benrezkallah, S. Reverté and S. GPotts are supported by the Horizon Europe Project WildPosh (Pan European assessment, monitoring, and mitigation of chemical stressors on the health of wild pollinators, Grant No agreement No. 101135238). S. G. Potts, P. Rosa, D. Michez and V. Radchenko are funded by the DG ENV project ORBIT (Taxonomic resources for European bees, contract No. 09.029901/2021/848268/SER/ENV.D.2). P.Y. Maestracci and M. Gibernau are funded by the CPER project No. 40137 “BiodivCorse—Explorer la biodiversité de la Corse” (Collectivité de Corse—Ministère de la Cohésion du territoire et des Relations avec les Collectivités territorialesles Collectivités territoriales). I. Bartomeus, L. Marini, D. Michez and M. Boustani are funded by the DG ENV project PULSE (Providing technical and scientific support in measuring the pulse of European biodiversity using the Red List Index contract No. 07.027755/2020/840209/SER/ENV.D.2.). M. Miličić and J. Ačanski are supported by the H2020 project ANTARES, Grant/Award Number: 739570. S.G. Potts, D. Michez, T. Petanidou and S. Reverté are funded by the DG ENV project SPRING (Strengthening Pollinator Recovery through Indicators and monitoring, contract No. 09.02001/2021/847887/SER/ENV.D.2). C. Tourbez and B. DeTandt are funded by the F.R.S.-FNRS PhD grant ‘Aspirant’. F. Sgolastra and L. Lenzi are funded by the the Agritech National Research Center and received funding from the European Union Next-GenerationEU (PIANO NAZIONALE DI RIPRESA E RESILIENZA (PNRR) – MISSIONE 4 COMPONENTE 2, INVESTIMENTO 1.4 – D.D. 1032 17/06/2022, CN00000022). P. Y. Maestracci is funded by the CIFRE doctoral program of the ANRT (No. 2022/0393) between the ENGIE—Lab CRIGEN, the University Pantheon-Assas Paris and the University of Corsica. L. Marini is supported by the European Union Next-GenerationEU (PIANO NAZIONALE DI RIPRESA E RESILIENZA (PNRR) – MISSIONE 4 COMPONENTE 2, INVESTIMENTO 1.4 – D.D. 1032 17/06/2022, CN00000022) and the Agritech National Research Center. V. Radchenko is funded by the Program “Support for the development of priority areas of scientific research in Ukraine”, KPKVK 6541230. C. Siopa is funded by a doctoral grant under the fellowships SFRH/BD/145962/2019 and COVID/BD/153552/2024, financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. C. Ruiz is funded by the AEI-Spanish State Research Agency (PID2020-117758GA-I00). J. Loureiro is funded by the Aligning Reference Collections with tAxonomic Development Efforts (ARCADE) for pollinator conservation in Portugal (3PP Project under TETTRIs project, reference nr. 2/T1). R. Santerre received a doctoral scholarship from Wallonie-Bruxelles International (Excellence WBI.World). N. de Manincor is funded by H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions COFUND | C2W (Marie Skłodowska Curie grant agreement No. 101034383). S. Castro is funded by PolinizAÇÃO – Action Plant for the Conservation and Susteianbility of Pollinators in Portugal (Fundo Ambiental, Ministry of Environment and Energy). H. Gaspar is funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology – FCT – through the fellowship 2023.01736.BD. M. Gérard is funded by a postdoctoral grant “Chargé de Recherches” from the F.R.S.-FNRS (n° 1.B.168.23 F). D. Sommaggio is funded by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4 – Call for tender No. 3138 of 16 December 2021, rectified by Decree n.3175 of 18 December 2021 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU. Project code CN_00000033, Concession Decree No. 1034 of 17 June 2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, CUP E93C22001090001. Project title “National Biodiversity Future Center – NBFC”. P. Cerretti is funded by The European Union–NextGenerationEU as part of the National Biodiversity Future Center, Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4 (CUP: B83C22002950007). M. DeGroot is funded by the program core group P4-0107 financed by the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency. The Finnish data collection was partially funded through the Synthesys + Virtual Access program (Call 1 2020). A significant part of Luxembourg’s recent hoverfly data were obtained via the Wild pollinator monitoring programLuxembourg (MONIPOL), funded by the Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Biodiversity (MECB) and the Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST). The Polish data collection was partly funded by the 2018-2019 BiodivERsA3 ERA-Net COFUND program and by the funding organization NCN UMO-2019/32/Z/NZ8/00006. The Greek data are mostly funded by POL-AEGIS – Pollinators of the Aegean: Biodiversity and Threats (Greek-ESF funded THALES program, Grant # MIS 376737), SERAPIS – Self-restoration of pollination services in Mediterranean post-fire communities co-considering fire traits and grazing stress (Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, Project # HFRI-FM17-1139) and the project ALARM – Assessing LArge scale environmental Risks for biodiversity with tested Methods (Grant # GOCE-CT-2003-506675). We thank GRoupe d’ÉTude des Invertébrés Armoricains (GRETIA) for sharing data from north-western France from programs funded by various public agencies as well as numerous volunteers. We thank Nicolas Vereecken, Léon Marshal, Nicolas Leclercq, Francisco La Roche and Szentgyörgyi Hajnalka for data provision and Romain Le Divelec for data validation. We thank Andreas Müller ([email protected]) for providing his private dataset on European Osmiini and the European Invertebrate Survey (EIS), Leiden, The Netherlands for the provision of the national dataset of Netherlands ([email protected]). We thank Yvan Barbier for his guidance in data processing and Dimitri Evrard for his technical support. We thank the Beelibre team (beelibre.lu) and Fernanda Herrera-Mesías for the photographic material and photos selection. We thank Georgios Nakas and Konstantinos Minachilis for the insect collection. We thank Yulia V. Astafurova (Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia) and Timofey V. Levchenko (State Darwin Museum, Moscow, Russia) for providing Russian literature. We thank Véronique Sarthou for the identification of the Corsican hoverfly material and Alexandre Cornuel-Willermoz for the identification of the Corsican bee material.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Independent researcher: Leif Bloss Carstensen, Sander Bot, Simon Cavaillès, Cyrille Dussaix, Rita Földesi, Kobe Janssen, Max Kasparek, Xavier Lair, Umberto Maritano, Gerard Pennards, Stefan Pruner, Philippe Sagot, Marco Selis, Jan Smit.

  2. These authors contributed equally: Ahlam Sentil, Marija Miličić, Jordan Benrezkallah.

  3. These authors jointly supervised this work: Ante Vujić, Denis Michez, Natasha de Manincor.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Zoology, University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Place du parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium

    Ahlam Sentil, Jordan Benrezkallah, Mira Boustani, Thomas Brau, Frédéric Carion, Bastien De Tandt, Rémi Devorsine, Ambre Dormal, Liuba A. Fedorova Zaytseva, Simone Flaminio, Vianney Forgeois, Maxence Gérard, Guillaume Ghisbain, Arthur Herinckx, Shawn Lemaire, Maud Mignot, Sébastien Patiny, Pierre Rasmont, Sara Reverté, Paolo Rosa, Rémi Santerre, Joffrey Thulier, Clément Tourbez, Thomas James Wood, Denis Michez & Natasha de Manincor

  2. Department of Plant and Environment Protection, Agroecology Unit, National School of Agriculture, Meknes, Morocco

    Ahlam Sentil

  3. BioSense Institute – Research Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Marija Miličić, Jelena Ačanski & Andrijana Andrić

  4. Interaction Ecology and Global Change, University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Place du parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium

    Jordan Benrezkallah & William Fiordaliso

  5. Observatoire des Abeilles, Bretagne, France

    Matthieu Aubert & Eric Dufrêne

  6. Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain

    Ignasi Bartomeus

  7. Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy

    Paolo Biella

  8. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czechia

    Petr Bogusch

  9. State Scientific Research Institute Nature Research Centre (NRC), Akademijos g. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Eduardas Budrys

  10. Environmental Sensing and Modelling unit, Biodiversity Monitoring and Assessment group Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg

    Lisette Cantú Salazar & Sarah Vray

  11. Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy

    Andree Cappellari, Elena Gazzea, Costanza Geppert & Lorenzo Marini

  12. Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal

    Sílvia Castro, Hugo Gaspar, Sara Brito Lopes, João Loureiro & Catarina Siopa

  13. Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Pierfilippo Cerretti & Maurizio Mei

  14. Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Straße 90, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany

    Holger H. Dathe

  15. Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Maarten De Groot

  16. Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000, Brussels, Belgium

    Bastien De Tandt

  17. Laboratory of Biogeography & Ecology, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece

    Jelle Devalez & Theodora Petanidou

  18. University of Tartu Natural History Museum, Tartu, Estonia

    Jelle Devalez

  19. Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Balearic Islands, 07001, Palma, Spain

    Joan Díaz-Calafat

  20. Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Aleksandra Đorđević, Ana Grković, Marina Janković Milosavljević, Laura Likov, Sonja Mudri Stojnić, Snežana Popov, Snežana Radenković, Tea Skendžic, Tamara Tot, Sanja Veselić & Ante Vujić

  21. Office pour les insectes et leur environnement (Opie), BP 30, 78041, Guyancourt, France

    Serge Gadoum

  22. Groupe d′Étude des Invertébrés Armoricains (GRETIA), Rennes, France

    Mael Garrin

  23. Université de Rennes (UNIR), UMR 6553 ECOBIO, CNRS, Rennes, France

    Benoît Geslin

  24. CNRS – University of Corsica – Laboratory Sciences for the Environment (UMR 6134 SPE), Natural Resources Project, Ajaccio, France

    Marc Gibernau & Pierre-Yves Maestracci

  25. Department of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria

    Helge Heimburg

  26. Lendület Ecosystem Services Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary

    Imre Demeter

  27. Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland

    Justyna Kierat & Aleksandra Żmuda

  28. Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    David Kleijn & Jeroen Scheper

  29. Zoological Museum, University of Kiel, Hegewischstr. 3, D-24105, Kiel, Germany

    Michael Kuhlmann

  30. Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Lucia Lenzi & Fabio Sgolastra

  31. Natural History Museum of Neuchâtel, Terreaux 14, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    Jessica Litman

  32. Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 17, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Jacobs Maarten, Juho Paukkunen & Gunilla Ståhls

  33. Research Institute CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), Science Park, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain

    Zorica Nedeljković & Antonio Ricarte

  34. Biodiversity Centre Linz of the Upper Austrian State Museum, Johann-Wilhelm-Klein-Straße 73, 4040, Linz, Austria

    Esther Ockermueller

  35. Research Group “Technology Transfer in the Area of Natural Resources”, University of Almería, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain

    F. Javier Ortiz-Sanchez

  36. Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Sorbonne Université, INRAE, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Cité, 4 Place Jussieu FR-75005, Paris, France

    Adrien Perrard

  37. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

    Grigory Popov & Alex Prokhorov

  38. Department of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain

    Grigory Popov & Santos Rojo

  39. Centre for Agri-Environmental Research (CAER), School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, RG6 6AR, Reading, United Kingdom

    Simon G. Potts

  40. Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, acad. Lebedev, 37, 01001, Kyiv, Ukraine

    Vladimir Rad chenko

  41. University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, Stuttgart, Germany

    Thomas Romig

  42. Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology, and Geology, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain

    Carlos Ruiz

  43. Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine

    Viktor Shparyk

  44. Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Entomology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Giovanni Amendola 2, 4112, Modena, Italy

    Daniele Sommaggio

  45. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Piazza Marina, 61, Palermo, Italy

    Daniele Sommaggio

  46. Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 50090, Tartu, Estonia

    Villu Soon

  47. Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn, Germany

    Axel Ssymank

  48. Cyprus University of Technology, Archbishop Kyprianos 30, 3036, Limassol, Cyprus

    Menelaos Stavrinides & Androulla Varnava

  49. Eratos.thenes Centre of Excellence, Franklin Rousvelt 82, 3012, Limassol, Cyprus

    Menelaos Stavrinides

  50. Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Germany

    Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter

  51. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 2, CZ-12844, Staré Město, Czechia

    Jakub Straka

  52. Syrphidae Foundation, Baarn, The Netherlands

    Jeroen van Steenis

  53. Natuurmonumenten, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

    Wouter van Steenis

  54. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Adi Vesnic

  55. Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, London, United Kingdom

    Paul Williams

  56. Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Thomas James Wood

  57. Second Zoological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria

    Dominique Zimmermann

  58. Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, prof. S. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland

    Aleksandra Żmuda

Authors

  1. Ahlam Sentil
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Contributions

A. Sentil, J. Acanski, J. Benrezkallah, M. Milicic and N. de Manincor provided, processed, and validated data, and wrote the manuscript. D. Michez and G. Ghisbain provided, and validated data, and wrote the manuscript. B. DeTandt, F. Carion, I. Bartomeus, J. Diaz-Calafat, J. Thulier, M. Boustani, S. Lemaire, V. Forgeois and W. Fiordaliso provided and processed data. A. Perrard, A. Ssymank, A. Vujic, A. Zmuda, B. Geslin, C. Ruiz, D. Zimmermann, J. Devalez, J. Kierat, J. Litman, J. Paukkunen, J. Straka, M. Aubert, M .Kasparek, M. Kuhlmann, P. Bogusch, P. Rasmont, R. Santerre, S. Flaminio, S. Gadoum, T. Brau, T. J. Wood, T. Petanidou, E. Budrys, E. Dufrêne, S. M. Stojnić, T. Tot and V. Radchenko provided and validated data. A. Ricarte, M. JankoviMilosavljević and W. vanSteenis provided data and wrote the manuscript. A. Andric, A. Cappellari, A. Đorđević, A. Dormal, A. Grkovic, A. Herinckx, A. Prokhorov, A. Varnava, A. Vesnic, C. Dussaix, C. Geppert, C. Siopa, C. Tourbez, D. Imre, D. Kleijn, D. Sommaggio, E. Gazzea, E. Ockermueller, F. Sgolastra, M. Garrin,G. Pennards, G. Popov, G. Stahls, H. H. Dathe, H. Gaspar, H. Heimburg, I. Steffan-Dewenter, J. Loureiro, F. J. Ortiz-Sanchez, J. Scheper, J. Smit, J. vanSteenis, K. Janssen, L. A. FedorovaZaytseva, L. B. Carstensen, L. Cantú-Salazar, L. Lenzi, L. Likov, L. Marini, M. DeGroot, M. Gibernau, M. Jacobs, M. Mei, M. Mignot, M. Selis, M. Stavrinides, P. Biella, P. Cerretti, P. Rosa, P. Sagot, P. Y. Maestracci, R. Devorsine, R. Foldesi, S. Bot, S. Castro, S. B. Lopes, S. Patiny, S. Popov, S. Potts, S. Pruner, S. Radenkovic, S. Reverte, S. Rojo, S. Veselic, S. Vray, T. Romig, U. Maritano, V. Shparyk, V. Soon, S. Cavaillès, G. Ståhls, X. Lair, T. Skendžić and Z. Nedeljkovic provided data. M. Gerard and P. Williams validated data. All authors have read, revised, and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Ahlam Sentil.

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Sentil, A., Miličić, M., Benrezkallah, J. et al. Synthesised database of wild bee and hoverfly records in Europe.
Sci Data (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-026-06644-2

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