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The first high-throughput sequencing of bacterioplankton sheds light on bacterial and cyanobacterial diversity in high-altitude Lake Sevan, Armenia

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Abstract

Lake Sevan, located in the Armenian Highlands, is one of the world’s largest high-altitude freshwater lakes (1900 m a.s.l.). Hydrobiological investigations in the lake have an almost century-long history; however, the bacterial diversity has never been studied. In this study, bacterioplankton composition in Lake Sevan has been characterized for the first time. The samples were collected from different depths at the deepest points of both subbasins, Big and Small Sevan, once per season in 2018 and analyzed genetically by high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16 S rRNA. According to the 16 S rRNA gene sequencing, the majority of the bacterioplankton consisted of well-known freshwater microorganisms of the phyla Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Bacteroidota, Cyanobacteriota, and Candidatus Kapabacteria. Representatives from Verrucomicrobiota, Planctomycetota, Bdellovibrionota, Gemmatimonadota, Myxococcota, and other phyla were found sporadically or in minor abundance. Alpha diversity was generally high, except during the summer cyanobacterial bloom. Two types of cyanobacterial occurrence were identified: (1) filamentous, potentially harmful cyanobacteria, such as Dolichospermum flos-aquae, which bloomed in summer, and (2) autotrophic picocyanobacteria, primarily Synechococcus, which dominated the cyanobacterial community in spring, autumn, and winter. In addition, pathogenic bacteria were detected in the lake, including species pathogenic to fish and humans, as well as intracellular parasites.

Data availability

The raw data for Lake Sevan bacterioplankton can be accessed through NCBI BioProject ID PRJNA1314076 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA1314076.

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Funding

This work was partly supported by the Higher Education and Science Committee of the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports (MESCS) of the Republic of Armenia under research project No. 23LCG-1F005; by the Russian Federation State grant No. 1023032700318-2-1.6.2; and by the SEVAMOD2 project, funded by the International Bureau of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under grant No. 01DK20038.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia

    Gor Gevorgyan, Termine Khachikyan, Armine Mamyan & Sargis Aghayan

  2. Limnological Institute of Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia

    Olga Belykh, Irina Lipko, Galina Kan, Ekaterina Zimens, Sergey Potapov, Ekaterina Sorokovikova, Andrey Krasnopeev & Irina Tikhonova

  3. Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany

    Karsten Rinke & Martin Schultze

Authors

  1. Gor Gevorgyan
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  2. Termine Khachikyan
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  3. Armine Mamyan
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  4. Sargis Aghayan
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  5. Olga Belykh
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  6. Karsten Rinke
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  7. Martin Schultze
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  8. Irina Lipko
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  9. Galina Kan
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  10. Ekaterina Zimens
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  11. Sergey Potapov
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  12. Ekaterina Sorokovikova
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  13. Andrey Krasnopeev
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  14. Irina Tikhonova
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Conceptualization, G.G. and I.T.; methodology, G.G., I.T., T.Kh., A.M., S.A., O.B., I.L., G.K., E.Z., E.S.; software, A.K. and S.P.; validation, G.G., I.T., O.B., K.R., M.Sh., T.Kh., A.M., I.L., G.K., E.Z., E.S.; formal analysis, A.K. and S.P.; investigation, G.G., I.T., T.Kh., A.M., S.A., O.B.; resources, G.G. and O.B.; data curation, A.K., S.P., G.G., I.T.; writing–original draft preparation, G.G. and I.T.; writing–review and editing, G.G., I.T., O.B., S.A., K.R., M.Sh., I.L., G.K., E.Z., E.S.; visualization, A.K. and S.P.; supervision, G.G. and I.T; project administration, G.G. and I.T.; funding acquisition, G.G. and I.T. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Gor Gevorgyan.

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Gevorgyan, G., Khachikyan, T., Mamyan, A. et al. The first high-throughput sequencing of bacterioplankton sheds light on bacterial and cyanobacterial diversity in high-altitude Lake Sevan, Armenia.
Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42528-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42528-6

Keywords

  • Lake Sevan
  • Bacterioplankton
  • Cyanobacteria
  • 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  • Seasonal variation
  • Genetic diversity

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