Search

Menu
Search
in Ecology

Varroa mite resistance in a hybrid honey bee (Apis mellifera) population in Southern California

168 Views


Abstract

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are important ecological and agricultural pollinators. In the United States, beekeepers experience substantial annual colony losses, largely driven by parasites such as the mite Varroa destructor. We studied a Californian hybrid honey bee population in Southern California, a genetic mix of Western European, Eastern European, Middle Eastern, and African lineages. We predicted that these bees would show lower mite infestation levels because they survive and persist without human intervention. To test this, we monitored 236 colonies over a four-year period. We found that Californian hybrid honey bee colonies consistently had lower mite infestation rates compared to colonies headed by queens from a commercial stock. Consequently, they exceeded standard treatment thresholds (≥ 3 mites per 100 worker bees) less frequently and therefore received fewer miticide treatments. We then conducted laboratory-based-choice assays to test whether colony-level differences were reflected at the brood level. Mites were significantly less attracted to seven-day-old larvae of the Californian hybrid genotype compared to commercial larvae, indicating reduced brood attractiveness. Together, our findings indicate that this Californian hybrid population experiences lower Varroa burdens under field conditions and exhibits reduced brood attractiveness to mites under controlled laboratory conditions. This population represents a valuable resource for investigating ecological, genetic, and behavioral mechanisms underlying host resistance.

Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Garibaldi, L. A. et al. Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 339, 1608–1611 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Aizen, M. A., Garibaldi, L. A., Cunningham, S. A. & Klein, A. M. How much does agriculture depend on pollinators? Lessons from long-term trends in crop production. Ann. Bot. 103, 1579–1588 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Klein, A. M. et al. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc. Biol. Sci. 274, 303–313 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Requier, F. et al. Trends in beekeeping and honey bee colony losses in Latin America. J. Apic. Res. 57, 657–662 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Potts, S. G. et al. Declines of managed honey bees and beekeepers in Europe. J. Apic. Res. 49, 15–22 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Neumann, P. & Carreck, N. L. Honey bee colony losses. J. Apic. Res. 49, 1–6 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Phiri, B. J., Fèvre, D. & Hidano, A. Uptrend in global managed honey bee colonies and production based on a six-decade viewpoint, 1961–2017. Sci. Rep. 12, 21298 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bruckner, S. et al. A national survey of managed honey bee colony losses in the USA: results from the Bee Informed Partnership for 2017–18, 2018–19, and 2019–20. J. Apic. Res. 2023, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2022.2158586 (2023).

  9. Ellis, J. D., Evans, J. D. & Pettis, J. Colony losses, managed colony population decline, and Colony Collapse Disorder in the United States. J. Apic. Res. 49, 134–136 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lamas, Z. S., Chen, Y. & Evans, J. D. Case report: emerging losses of managed honey bee colonies. Biology (Basel). 13, 117 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Brittain, C. & Potts, S. G. The potential impacts of insecticides on the life-history traits of bees and the consequences for pollination. Basic. Appl. Ecol. 12, 321–331 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Naug, D. Nutritional stress due to habitat loss may explain recent honeybee colony collapses. Biol. Conserv. 142, 2369–2372 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Coallier, N., Perez, L., Franco, M. F., Cuellar, Y. & Vadnais, J. Poor air quality raises mortality in honey bees, a concern for all pollinators. Commun. Earth Environ. 6, 126 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Vasiliev, D. & Greenwood, S. The role of climate change in pollinator decline across the Northern Hemisphere is underestimated. Sci. Total Environ. 775, 145788 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Le Conte, Y. & Navajas, M. Climate change: impact on honey bee populations and diseases. Rev. Sci. Tech. 27, 485–497 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Branchiccela, B. et al. Impact of nutritional stress on the honeybee colony health. Sci. Rep. 9, 10156 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Steinhauer, N. et al. Drivers of colony losses. Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 26, 142–148 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Potts, S. G. et al. Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 345–353 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Goulson, D., Nicholls, E., Botías, C. & Rotheray, E. L. Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science 347, 1255957 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Smith, K. M. et al. Pathogens, pests, and economics: drivers of honey bee colony declines and losses. Ecohealth 10, 434–445 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Schmid-Hempel, P. Parasites in Social Insects (Princeton University Press, 1998).

  22. Tiritelli, R. et al. Ecological and social factors influence interspecific pathogens occurrence among bees. Sci. Rep. 14, 5136 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Simone-Finstrom, M., Strand, M. K., Tarpy, D. R. & Rueppell, O. Impact of honey bee migratory management on pathogen loads and immune gene expression is affected by complex interactions with environment, worker life history, and season. J. Insect Sci. 22, 2563 (2022).

  24. Jara, L. et al. The effect of migratory beekeeping on the infestation rate of parasites in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies and on their genetic variability. Microorganisms 9, 22 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Di Ruggiero, C. et al. Environmental and colony-related factors linked to small Hive beetle (Aethina tumida) infestation in Apis mellifera. Agriculture 15, 962 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Tarver, M. R. et al. Transcriptomic and functional resources for the small hive beetle Aethina tumida, a worldwide parasite of honey bees. Genom Data. 9, 97–99 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Abban, S. et al. Prevalence and distribution of Varroa destructor and Nosema spp. in symptomatic honey bee colonies across the USA from 2015 to 2022. Sci. Rep. 14, 1726 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Goblirsch, M. Nosema ceranae disease of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Apidologie 49, 131–150 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Chen, Y. P. & Huang, Z. Y. Nosema ceranae, a newly identified pathogen of Apis mellifera in the USA and Asia. Apidologie (Celle). 41, 364–374 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  30. de Guzman, L. I., Phokasem, P., Khongphinitbunjong, K., Frake, A. M. & Chantawannakul, P. Successful reproduction of unmated Tropilaelaps mercedesae and its implication on mite population growth in Apis mellifera colonies. J. Invertebr Pathol. 153, 35–37 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Buawangpong, N. et al. Prevalence and reproduction of Tropilaelaps mercedesae and Varroa destructor in concurrently infested Apis mellifera colonies. Apidologie 46, 779–786 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Rinderer, T. E. et al. Extended survival of the parasitic honey bee mite Tropilaelaps clareaeon adult workers of Apis mellifera and Apis dorsata. J. Apic. Res. 33, 171–174 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Warner, S. et al. A scoping review on the effects of Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) on global honey bee decline. Sci. Total Environ. 906, 167492 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Eliash, N. & Mikheyev, A. Varroa mite evolution: a neglected aspect of worldwide bee collapses? Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 39, 21–26 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Roberts, J. M. K., Anderson, D. L. & Tay, W. T. Multiple host shifts by the emerging honeybee parasite, Varroa jacobsoni. Mol. Ecol. 24, 2379–2391 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Anderson, D. L. & Trueman, J. W. Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) is more than one species. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24, 165–189 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P. & Ziegelmann, B. Biology and control of Varroa destructor. J. Invertebr Pathol. 103 (Suppl 1), S96–119 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Martin, S. J. Ontogenesis of the mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in worker brood of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. under natural conditions. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 18, 87–100 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Martin, S. J. & Kemp, D. Average number of reproductive cycles performed by Varroa jacobsoni in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. J. Apic. Res. 36, 113–123 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Ramsey, S. D. et al. Varroa destructor feeds primarily on honey bee fat body tissue and not hemolymph. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 116, 1792–1801 (2019).

  41. De Jong, D. & De Jong, P. H. Weight loss and other damage to developing worker honeybees from infestation with Varroa Jacobsoni. J. Apic. Res (1982).

  42. Highfield, A. C. et al. Deformed wing virus implicated in overwintering honeybee colony losses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 7212–7220 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Shen, M., Yang, X., Cox-Foster, D. & Cui, L. The role of varroa mites in infections of Kashmir bee virus (KBV) and deformed wing virus (DWV) in honey bees. Virology 342, 141–149 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Yue, C. & Genersch, E. RT-PCR analysis of Deformed wing virus in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and mites (Varroa destructor). J. Gen. Virol. 86, 3419–3424 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Kralj, J., Brockmann, A., Fuchs, S. & Tautz, J. The parasitic mite Varroa destructor affects non-associative learning in honey bee foragers, Apis mellifera L. J. Comp. Physiol. Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 193, 363–370 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Kralj, J. & Fuchs, S. Parasitic Varroa destructor mites influence flight duration and homing ability of infested Apis mellifera foragers. Apidologie (Celle). 37, 577–587 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Frizzera, D. et al. Varroa destructor exacerbates the negative effect of cold contributing to honey bee mortality. J. Insect Physiol. 151, 104571 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Aldea-Sánchez, P., Ramírez-Cáceres, G. E., Rezende, E. L. & Bozinovic, F. Heat tolerance, energetics, and thermal treatments of honeybees parasitized with Varroa. Front. Ecol. Evol. 9,253 (2021).

  49. Surlis, C., Carolan, J. C., Coffey, M. & Kavanagh, K. Quantitative proteomics reveals divergent responses in Apis mellifera worker and drone pupae to parasitization by Varroa destructor. J. Insect Physiol. 107, 291–301 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Zanni, V., Değirmenci, L., Annoscia, D., Scheiner, R. & Nazzi, F. The reduced brood nursing by mite-infested honey bees depends on their accelerated behavioral maturation. J. Insect Physiol. 109, 47–54 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Fries, I., Hansen, H., Imdorf, A. & Rosenkranz, P. Swarming in honey bees (Apis mellifera) and Varroa destructor population development in Sweden. Apidologie (Celle). 34, 389–397 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Traynor, K. S. et al. Varroa destructor: a complex parasite, crippling honey bees worldwide. Trends Parasitol. 36, 592–606 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Moro, A., Blacquière, T., Panziera, D., Dietemann, V. & Neumann, P. Host-parasite co-evolution in real-time: changes in honey bee resistance mechanisms and mite reproductive strategies. Insects 12, 120 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Locke, B. Natural Varroa mite-surviving Apis mellifera honeybee populations. Apidologie 47, 467–482 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Calfee, E., Agra, M. N., Palacio, M. A., Ramírez, S. R. & Coop, G. Selection and hybridization shaped the rapid spread of African honey bee ancestry in the Americas. PLoS Genet. 16, e1009038 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Guzmán-Novoa, E., Prieto-Merlos, D., Uribe-Rubio, J. L. & Hunt, G. J. Relative reliability of four field assays to test defensive behaviour of honey bees (Apis mellifera). J. Apic. Res. 42, 42–46 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Martin, S. J. & Medina, L. M. Africanized honeybees have unique tolerance to Varroa mites. Trends Parasitol. 20, 112–114 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Zárate, D. et al. Admixture in Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera) from Panamá to San Diego, California (U.S.A). Ecol. Evol. 12, e8580 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Boot, W. J., Beetsma, J. & Calis, J. N. M. Behaviour of Varroa mites invading honey bee brood cells. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 18, 371–379 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Moritz, R. F. A., Härtel, S. & Neumann, P. Global invasions of the western honeybee (Apis mellifera) and the consequences for biodiversity. Ecoscience 12, 289–301 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Dietemann, V. et al. Standard methods for varroa research. J. Apic. Res. 52, 1–54 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Honey Bee Health Coalition. Tools for Varroa Management: A Guide to Effective Varroa Sampling and Control 8 (The Keystone Policy Center, 2022).

  63. Jack, C. J., de Bem Oliveira, I., Kimmel, C. B. & Ellis, J. D. Seasonal differences in Varroa destructor population growth in western honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Front. Ecol. Evol. 11, 1102457 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Milani, N. The resistance of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. to acaricides. Apidologie (Celle). 30, 229–234 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Fries, I. & Bommarco, R. Possible host-parasite adaptations in honey bees infested by Varroa destructor mites. Apidologie 38, 525–533 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Oddie, M. A. Y., Dahle, B. & Neumann, P. Norwegian honey bees surviving Varroa destructor mite infestations by means of natural selection. PeerJ 5, e3956 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Muntaabski, I. et al. Assessing the role of key genes involved in the reproductive success of the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor. BMC Genom. 26, 622 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Li, W., Wang, C., Huang, Z. Y., Chen, Y. & Han, R. Reproduction of distinct Varroa destructor genotypes on honey bee worker brood. Insects 10, 2563 (2019).

  69. Ivanova, I. & Bienefeld, K. Apis mellifera worker bees selected for Varroa-sensitive hygiene show higher specific sensitivity and perception speed towards low concentrations of chemical cues emitted by the brood. J. Insect Behav. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-023-09824-9 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Piou, V., Urrutia, V., Laffont, C., Hemptinne, J. L. & Vétillard, A. The nature of the arena surface affects the outcome of host-finding behavior bioassays in Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman). Parasitol. Res. 118, 2935–2943 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Fuchs, S. Choice in Varroa jacobsoni Oud. between honey bee drone or workerbrood cells for reproduction. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 31, 429–435 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  72. Fang, Y. et al. Larval exposure to parasitic Varroa destructor mites triggers specific immune responses in different honey bee castes and species. Mol. Cell. Proteom. 21, 100257 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Scaramella, N. et al. Host brood traits, independent of adult behaviours, reduce Varroa destructor mite reproduction in resistant honeybee populations. Int. J. Parasitol. 53, 565–571 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  74. Drijfhout, F. P., Kochansky, J., Lin, S. & Calderone, N. W. Components of honeybee royal jelly as deterrents of the parasitic Varroa mite, Varroa destructor. J. Chem. Ecol. 31, 1747–1764 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  75. Del Piccolo, F., Nazzi, F., Della Vedova, G. & Milani, N. Selection of Apis mellifera workers by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor using host cuticular hydrocarbons. Parasitology 137, 967–973 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Kraus, B. Factors influencing host choice of the honey bee parasite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 18, 435–443 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  77. Rath, W. Co-adaptation of Apis cerana Fabr. and Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Apidologie 30, 97–110 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  78. Li, W. et al. The cell invasion preference of Varroa destructor between the original and new honey bee hosts. Int. J. Parasitol. 52, 125–134 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Morfin, N., Given, K., Evans, M., Guzman-Novoa, E. & Hunt, G. J. Grooming behavior and gene expression of the Indiana mite-biter honey bee stock. Apidologie (Celle). 51, 267–275 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kim, S. H., Mondet, F., Hervé, M. & Mercer, A. Honey bees performing varroa sensitive hygiene remove the most mite-compromised bees from highly infested patches of brood. Apidologie 49, 335–345 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  81. DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Ahumada, F. & Graham, H. Are dispersal mechanisms changing the host-parasite relationship and increasing the virulence of Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) in managed honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies? Environ. Entomol. 46, 737–746 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  82. Loftus, J. C., Smith, M. L. & Seeley, T. D. How Honey Bee colonies survive in the wild: testing the importance of small nests and frequent swarming. PLoS One. 11, e0150362 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  83. Uzunov, A. et al. Swarming, defensive and hygienic behaviour in honey bee colonies of different genetic origin in a pan-European experiment. J. Apic. Res. 2015, 248–260. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.06 (2015).

  84. Calderón, R. A., van Veen, J. W., Sommeijer, M. J. & Sanchez, L. A. Reproductive biology of Varroa destructor in Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 50, 281–297 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  85. Brettell, L. E. & Martin, S. J. Oldest Varroa tolerant honey bee population provides insight into the origins of the global decline of honey bees. Sci. Rep. 7, 45953 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  86. de Mattos, I. M., De Jong, D. & Soares, A. E. E. Island population of European honey bees in Northeastern Brazil that have survived Varroa infestations for over 30 years. Apidologie (Celle). 47, 818–827 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  87. Seeley, T. D. Honey bees of the Arnot Forest: a population of feral colonies persisting with Varroa destructor in the northeastern United States. Apidologie 38, 19–29 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  88. Gabel, M., Hoppe, A., Scheiner, R., Obergfell, J. & Büchler, R. Heritability of Apis mellifera recapping behavior and suppressed mite reproduction as resistance traits towards Varroa destructor. Front. Insect Sci. 3, 1135187 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  89. Zarate, D., Travis, D., Geffre, A., Nieh, J. & Kohn, J. R. Three decades of Africanized honey bees in California. Calif. Agric. (Berkeley). 77, 15–20 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  90. Macedo, P. A., Wu, J. & Ellis, M. D. Using inert dusts to detect and assess Varroa infestations in honey bee colonies. J. Apic. Res. 41, 3–7 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  91. Dechatre, H. et al. To treat or not to treat bees? Handy VarLoad: a predictive model for Varroa destructor load. Pathogens 10, 678 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  92. Crailsheim, K. et al. Standard methods for artificial rearing of Apis mellifera larvae. null 52, 1–16 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  93. Schmehl, D. R., Tomé, H. V. V., Mortensen, A. N., Martins, G. F. & Ellis, J. D. Protocol for the in vitro rearing of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) workers. J. Apic. Res. 55, 113–129 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  94. Mitchell, D. Nectar, humidity, honey bees (Apis mellifera) and varroa in summer: a theoretical thermofluid analysis of the fate of water vapour from honey ripening and its implications on the control of Varroa destructor. J. R Soc. Interface. 16, 20190048 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  95. Zuur, A. F. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R (Springer, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87458-6.

  96. Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S. & Sturdivant, R. X. Applied Logistic Regression: Hosmer/Applied Logistic Regression (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118548387.

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Jamison Scholer and Owen Wagner for their assistance with colony evaluations, bee breeding, and bee collection. This work was supported by a University of California Multicampus Research Program Initiative (MRPI) grant (M21PR2306), a USDA NIFA grant (2023-67014-39355), and a startup funding provided to B.B. by the University of California, Riverside. We also acknowledge the support of the Southern California beekeeping community, including the Beekeeping Association of Southern California (BASC), the Long Beach Beekeepers (LBB), the Los Angeles County Beekeepers Association (LACBA), the Orange County Beekeeper Association (OCBA), and the San Diego Beekeepers Society (SDBA). G.C.-E. acknowledges support from the National Secretariat of Science, Technology, and Innovation of Panama (SENACYT) through a graduate scholarship.

Funding

This work was supported by the University of California Multicampus Research Program Initiative (MRPI) grant (M21PR2306), the USDA NIFA grant (2023-67014-39355), startup funding provided to B.B. by the University of California, Riverside, and a graduate scholarship from SENACYT, Panama, awarded to G.C.-E.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, Center for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

    Genesis Chong-Echavez & Boris Baer

Authors

  1. Genesis Chong-Echavez
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Boris Baer
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

G.C.-E. and B.B. developed the study design. G.C.-E. conducted all fieldwork, experiments, data analysis, and wrote the initial manuscript draft. B.B. supervised the project and contributed to the interpretation of results and manuscript editing. Both authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to
Genesis Chong-Echavez or Boris Baer.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chong-Echavez, G., Baer, B. Varroa mite resistance in a hybrid honey bee (Apis mellifera) population in Southern California.
Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45759-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45759-9

Keywords

  • Host-parasite interactions
  • Honey bee health

  • Varroa destructor
  • Mite-resistant honey bees
  • Hybrid population
  • Ecological adaptation

Source: Ecology - nature.com

Potassium fertilization enhances both cereal yield and soil organic carbon: a meta-analysis

Assessing the status and challenges of vulnerability to viability transitions: small-scale fisheries in the transboundary Sundarbans mangrove forest

This portal is not a newspaper as it is updated without periodicity. It cannot be considered an editorial product pursuant to law n. 62 of 7.03.2001. The author of the portal is not responsible for the content of comments to posts, the content of the linked sites. Some texts or images included in this portal are taken from the internet and, therefore, considered to be in the public domain; if their publication is violated, the copyright will be promptly communicated via e-mail. They will be immediately removed.

Back to Top
Close