Ecology

AbstractPriority effects exerted by indigenous microbial communities pose a major ecological barrier to bioremediation, preventing the stable establishment of introduced bioaugmentation strains through niche preemption and modification. Here, we developed a fine-tuned chemical pretreatment strategy to rapidly break the priority effects of indigenous microbiomes, thereby facilitating the targeted assembly and sustainable colonization of functional degraders in total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)-contaminated soil. Our results demonstrate that this strategy successfully overcame the priority effects of the indigenous microbiome, increasing the colonization capacity of the introduced degrader, Bacillus velezensis, by 560.43% and achieving a stable TPH removal efficiency of 63.21% without rebound. The intervention expanded the niche breadth of B. velezensis by 54.71% through niche modification, thereby reducing niche occupancy by indigenous microbiomes. Disruption of priority effects further reshaped microbial community assembly, promoting the enrichment of rare indigenous taxa with hydrocarbon-degrading potential, including Providencia and Citrobacter. Metagenomic and metabolic pathway analyses revealed that successful colonization of B. velezensis enhanced metabolic cooperation with indigenous rare degraders, collectively improving the degradation of both alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These findings establish a general ecological framework for manipulating microbiome assembly through priority-effect regulation and provide a practical strategy for microbiome engineering across contaminated ecosystems.

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AcknowledgementsThe authors thank the Drilling & Production Technology Research Institute of Qinghai Oilfield Company, China, for providing the field test site and assistance with on-site experiments and sample collection. This work is funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFA0919000) and the Weiqiao-UCAS Special Projects on Low-Carbon Technology Development, China (GYY-NYHJ-2023-ZY-001). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsResearch Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaYing Zhu, Guoqiang Zhuang, Xuliang Zhuang, Maoyong Song & Anzhou MaCollege of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaYing Zhu, Guoqiang Zhuang, Xuliang Zhuang, Maoyong Song & Anzhou MaState Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China National Petroleum Corporation Research Institute of Safety & Environment Technology, Beijing, ChinaJufeng LiOil & Gas Production Technology Research Institute, Qinghai Oilfield Co., Petro China, Dunhuang, ChinaFutang HuDepartment of Physics and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaQihui HouBinzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, ChinaGuoqiang ZhuangScojen Institute for Synthetic Biology, The Dina Recanati School of Medicine, Reichman University, Herzliya, IsraelIlana Kolodkin-GalAuthorsYing ZhuView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarJufeng LiView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarFutang HuView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarQihui HouView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarGuoqiang ZhuangView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarXuliang ZhuangView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarMaoyong SongView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarIlana Kolodkin-GalView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAnzhou MaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarCorresponding authorsCorrespondence to
Qihui Hou or Anzhou Ma.Ethics declarations

Competing interests
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Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Supplementary informationSupplementary Information (download PDF )Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleZhu, Y., Li, J., Hu, F. et al. Breaking the priority effects facilitates the assembly and colonization of microbiomes toward enhanced petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation.
npj Biofilms Microbiomes (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-026-01151-zDownload citationReceived: 23 October 2025Accepted: 31 August 2026Published: 11 September 2026DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-026-01151-zShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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AbstractBalanced nutrient management using multi-nutrient fertilizers has gained increasing attention for improving crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency in rainfed areas. Multi-nutrient fertilizers have received considerable attention in recent years, particularly for fields with multi nutrient deficiencies. A two-year field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2023 and 2024 on acidic sandy loam soil to evaluate the agronomic performance of co-granulated urea–polyhalite (Urea-POLY) fertilizer in comparison with conventional farmer fertilizer practices under rainfed maize cultivation. The experiment included six nutrient management treatments comprising Farmer Practice (NP), Farmer Practice (NPK), Urea-POLY bag-for-bag, Urea-POLY recommended N, DAP + MOP and SSP + MOP treatments in randomized block design with three replications. Pooled analysis showed that Urea-POLY recommended N recorded the highest plant height (149.1 cm), leaf area index (3.14) and biomass accumulation (114.4 g plant-1), this was statistically comparable with Farmer Practice (NPK) (p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, Urea-POLY recommended N produced the highest grain yield (4669 kg ha-1), representing a 6.3% grain yield increase over Farmer Practice (NPK) and stover yield (7978 kg ha-1), Yield improvements were associated with enhanced cob length, grain number and test weight. Urea-POLY treatments also improved post-harvest soil available N, P, K and S along with exchangeable Ca and Mg compared to conventional control treatments, and the difference was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, in terms of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE); application of Urea-POLY rec. N resulted in more pronounced agronomic use efficiency and partial factor productivity of N, P, K and S compared with the Farmer Practice (NPK) treatment. This nutrient management strategy, which particularly emphasized the importance of N, S and K levels, optimized maize productivity and quality. However, the study was conducted at Gungal, Telangana region and the findings should be validated further across different soil types, agro climatic seasons and crops. Overall, this study showed the potential of cogranulated Urea-POLY as an efficient multi-nutrient commercial fertilizer to supply N, K, S, Ca and Mg nutrients under dryland agriculture.

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AcknowledgementsThe author(s) declared that financial support was received for this work and/or its publication. The work was funded by Anglo American Crops Nutrients Limited, New Delhi, India.Funding2 Anglo American Crop Nutrients (India) Private Limited, New Delhi-110 025, India.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad, 500059, Telangana, IndiaVenugopalan Visha Kumari, Kodigal A Gopinath, Vinod Kumar Singh, Arun Kumar Shanker, Suvana Sukumaran, JVNS Prasad, Sunitha Bathula & Subramanyam GangarajuAnglo American Crop Nutrients (India) Private Limited, New Delhi, 110025, IndiaVipin Mishra & Neeraj AwasthiAuthorsVenugopalan Visha KumariView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarKodigal A GopinathView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarVinod Kumar SinghView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarArun Kumar ShankerView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSuvana SukumaranView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarJVNS PrasadView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSunitha BathulaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSubramanyam GangarajuView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarVipin MishraView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarNeeraj AwasthiView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarCorresponding authorsCorrespondence to
Venugopalan Visha Kumari, Kodigal A Gopinath or Vinod Kumar Singh.Ethics declarations

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Additional informationPublisher’s noteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Supplementary InformationSupplementary Information. (download DOCX )Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleKumari, V.V., Gopinath, K.A., Singh, V.K. et al. Co-granulated urea–polyhalite improves yield and nutrient use efficiency of rainfed maize.
Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70798-7Download citationReceived: 09 March 2026Accepted: 04 September 2026Published: 11 September 2026DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70798-7Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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KeywordsMulti-nutrient fertilizerNitrogen use efficiencyPolyhaliteUrea-polyhalite fertilizer More

AbstractAchieving regionally coordinated and sustainable development has become an urgent global priority amid accelerating globalization and intensifying environmental challenges. In China, balancing agricultural carbon emission equity with regional economic integration is essential for addressing environmental justice and promoting low-carbon transformation. This study employs the coupling coordination degree (CCD), space–time geographically weighted regression model (GTWR), and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to reveal the multi-stage interactive response mechanisms between agricultural carbon emission equity and regional economic integration across China’s three major grain functional zones, from the perspectives of spatial heterogeneity and temporal non-stationarity. The results indicate that the major grain-producing zones (MGPZs) exhibit high ecological support but low production efficiency, while the major grain-consuming zones (MGCZs) maintain strong economic performance under ecological constraints, and the production-consumption balanced zones (PCBZs) have been fluctuating. There are significant differences in economic integration, with higher integration in MGPZs and MGCZs compared to lagging PCBZs. The coordination between equity and integration shows significant spatial and temporal variations, with only Jiangsu Province achieving high coordination. Moreover, key factors, including agricultural industrial structure, investment intensity, and pesticide application intensity, exert heterogeneous and sometimes conflicting effects on the carbon-economy coordination at different dimensions. These findings suggest that one-size-fits-all policies are inadequate. Instead, region-specific strategies that focus on ecological compensation, efficient input management, and interregional cooperation are essential. The study provides a theoretical basis for environmental impact assessments and the formulation of targeted policies that harmonize agricultural carbon mitigation with sustainable regional economic development.

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AcknowledgementsThis research work was supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (grant number GZB20230251).Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsCollege of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaXingjia Wang, Dongyan Wang & Yanlong GaoAuthorsXingjia WangView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarDongyan WangView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarYanlong GaoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarCorresponding authorCorrespondence to
Dongyan Wang.Ethics declarations

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Ethics approval and consent to participate
This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleWang, X., Wang, D. & Gao, Y. Economic integration and carbon rebalancing in China’s grain functional zones.
Humanit Soc Sci Commun (2026). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-08731-6Download citationReceived: 04 September 2025Accepted: 07 August 2026Published: 11 September 2026DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-08731-6Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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AbstractDistribution shifts of mycorrhizal tree symbioses are predicted to alter the nutrient cycling in temperate forests worldwide. Yet, our understanding of the drivers and specific impacts of such shifts remains limited. Here, we assign mycorrhizal types to trees at the species and genus level in >13,000 forest plots to assess the dominance of arbuscular mycorrhizal trees based on basal area proportions along the Japanese archipelago in temperate East Asia. We show a significant increase in arbuscular mycorrhizal tree dominance within 15 years associated with climate warming and the spread of tree diseases, contributing to a more important role of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in forest ecosystems than previously predicted. Arbuscular mycorrhizal tree dominance is negatively related to the ratio of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks, suggesting that tree symbiosis shifts will affect soil nitrogen availability and retention. In light of the global surge of biotic forest disturbance, our results stress the importance of forest pest and disease control to decelerate tree symbiosis shifts and their impact on ecosystem functioning.

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AcknowledgementsThe authors thank Kyotaro Noguchi for his comments on the manuscript.FundingH. Schaefer and S.H. disclose support for the research of this work from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP25K18272 (H. Schaefer) and JP24K01817 (S.H.)]. N.Y., Y.I., A.K., S.C., H. Shimadera, H.F., and A.I. declare no relevant funding.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, JapanHolger Schaefer, Shoji Hashimoto, Ayumi Kawanishi, Hitomi Furusawa & Akihiro ImayaShikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Kochi, JapanNaoyuki Yamashita & Yoshiyuki InagakiGraduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanShoji HashimotoNational Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, JapanSatoru ChataniGraduate School of Engineering, The University of Osaka, Suita, JapanHikari ShimaderaAuthorsHolger SchaeferView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarNaoyuki YamashitaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarShoji HashimotoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarYoshiyuki InagakiView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAyumi KawanishiView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSatoru ChataniView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarHikari ShimaderaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarHitomi FurusawaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAkihiro ImayaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarCorresponding authorCorrespondence to
Holger Schaefer.Ethics declarations

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Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Supplementary informationSupplementary Information (download PDF )Description of Additional Supplementary Information (download PDF )Supplementary Data 1 (download CSV )Supplementary Data 2 (download CSV )Reporting Summary (download PDF )Transparent Peer Review file (download PDF )Source dataSource Data (download ZIP )Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleSchaefer, H., Yamashita, N., Hashimoto, S. et al. Broad-scale shift in dominance of arbuscular mycorrhizal trees along the Japanese archipelago associated with tree diseases and climate warming.
Nat Commun (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-77711-wDownload citationReceived: 18 September 2025Accepted: 28 August 2026Published: 11 September 2026DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-77711-wShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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AbstractAmong-individual correlations between labile traits stem from either shared genetic architectures or developmental processes that shape trait expression. While these correlations have been extensively studied in behavioural ecology over the past two decades, the specific mechanisms driving age-related changes in among-individual trait correlations remain unclear. Given that trait correlations can significantly constrain or facilitate evolutionary trajectories, identifying how these associations—and their underlying genetic basis—evolve with age is essential for accurately predicting evolutionary responses alongside age-specific selection. Here, using field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus males from a pedigreed population, we investigated how age-related changes in (1) genetic and (2) nongenetic bases of among-individual aggression-exploration correlations, as well as (3) survival selection, explain age-related variation in an aggression-exploration correlations. Our findings indicate that the magnitudes of both the positive among-individual and genetic correlations were maintained across nymph and young adult stages, but significantly decreased with age during adulthood. This decrease was due to both survival selection and genetic variation in age-related behavioural plasticity. Survival selection tended to favour less explorative males at the young adult stage, which may have eroded the genetic correlations. In addition, genetic variation in age-related plasticity in exploration contributed to a decrease in the magnitude of genetic correlations during the adult stage. The similarity of age-related changes in among-individual and genetic correlations resulted from the absence of short-term permanent environmental correlations. Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that age-related changes in among-individual behavioural correlations are not caused by a single mechanism, but rather a combination of mechanisms, such as genetic variation in age-related behavioural plasticity and survival selection.

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Fig. 1: Different scenarios of age-related changes in genetic correlations between labile traits (e.g. behaviours).Fig. 2: Age-related changes in behavioural variance components across three age categories.Fig. 3: Age-related changes in correlations.

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsCSH is supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean government (NRF-2022R1C1C1004303, RS-2024-00405751, RS-2025-16067311, RS-2026-25589531 and RS-2025-25442355). CT and ND were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), grant TU 545/2-1 (CT), DI 1694 5–1 (ND), and DI 1694 1–2 (ND).Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaChang S. HanKorea Institute of Ornithology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaChang S. HanBehavioural Ecology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Bavaria, GermanyChang S. Han & Cristina TuniDepartment of Life Science & Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, ItalyCristina Tuni & Niels J. DingemanseAuthorsChang S. HanView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarCristina TuniView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarNiels J. DingemanseView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsCSH conceived the study, conducted the experiments, analysed the data, and wrote the manuscript; CT conceived the study, conducted the experiments, and wrote the manuscript; ND provided logistics and assisted with data analyses and interpretation and wrote the manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to
Chang S. Han.Ethics declarations

Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Associate editor: Diala Abu Awad.Supplementary informationSupplementary Material (download DOCX )Rights and permissionsSpringer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleHan, C.S., Tuni, C. & Dingemanse, N.J. Selection and genetic variation in age-related plasticity drive the erosion of among-individual behavioural correlations in later life.
Heredity (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-026-00884-zDownload citationReceived: 20 August 2025Revised: 23 August 2026Accepted: 27 August 2026Published: 11 September 2026Version of record: 11 September 2026DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-026-00884-zShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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Earth’s biodiversity record extends far beyond the species alive today, and the fossil record is crucial for understanding the biodiversity of the past, present and future.

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Palaeoecology

Palaeontology

More than 99% of species that are thought to have existed have gone extinct. This past biodiversity cannot be observed in the same manner as extant species; instead, researchers hoping to learn from Earth’s vast evolutionary history must rely on alternative sources of biodiversity data, such as the fossil record.This historic record has noteworthy potential. Beyond documenting the varied forms and functions of species in deep time, past biodiversity records can also reveal responses to biogeographic change, ecosystem disruptions and mass extinction events. The most famous group documented in the fossil record, and perhaps the most studied, are the dinosaurs — the ruling reptiles of the Mesozoic. In this issue, Nature Reviews Biodiversity publishes a landmark Review of dinosaur palaeontology by Xu et al., synthesizing emerging knowledge about dinosaur origins, evolution and biology. This article follows our recently published Review from Park on the evolution and palaeontology of Cetacea, the clade that includes dolphins, whales and their earliest ancestors.These Reviews showcase the valuable insights to be garnered from the fossil record, as well as discussing essential considerations for best practice use of these data. Each Review highlights cutting-edge techniques adapted for use with fossil data, including morphometrics, biogeographic climate modelling, high-resolution imaging and biomolecular analyses. Palaeontology is demonstrably a multidisciplinary science, drawing from and contributing to modern biodiversity science and beyond. For example, understanding how past species responded to climate perturbations can help to inform risk profiles for modern species at risk of extinction, many of which face ever-evolving challenges in the face of anthropogenically driven global change. However, the authors caution that the fossil record must be used carefully, with full consideration of its limitations. Palaeontology is a fossil-based discipline, but the preservation and discovery of fossils are not biologically or geographically uniform. Preservation is biased toward hard tissues, such as bones and teeth, and often relies on sedimentary environments rapidly burying dead organisms. The collection of fossils depends on field-based discovery and excavation, bringing logistic and economic challenges that vary with location.Looking beyond its core scientific contributions, the fossil record has a usage that cannot be understated: the ability to inspire and educate. Fossils displayed in museums capture the imagination of the public, instilling a sense of wonder at a natural world that differs so greatly from the modern one, and with the capacity to educate and inspire new generations of biodiversity researchers.Palaeontology is an essential component of the biodiversity science puzzle and is critical for understanding and addressing the origins of, maintenance of and threats to biodiversity that shape and inspire our publications as a journal.

Rights and permissionsReprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this article Biodiversity in deep time.
Nat. Rev. Biodivers. 2, 539 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44358-026-00199-1Download citationPublished: 11 September 2026Version of record: 11 September 2026Issue date: September 2026DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44358-026-00199-1Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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AbstractAccurately characterizing the spatial deviation of hog slaughter across prefecture-level cities within a province relative to the agricultural production base is essential for understanding adjustments in hog-production capacity and for advancing differentiated regional governance. Using prefecture-level hog slaughter, the gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, and provincial farm-size structure data for 30 mainland Chinese provinces from 2007 to 2023, this study constructs an intra-provincial Ellison-Glaeser (EG) index. Markov transitions, spatial Markov analysis, club convergence and the optimal-parameters-based geographical detector (OPGD) are then used to examine the dynamic evolution of intra-provincial spatial organization and its influencing factors. The results show that: (1) the national mean EG index increased with fluctuations, whereas the median remained broadly stable, indicating that the rise in relative spatial deviation was driven mainly by a small number of high-EG provinces; (2) Qinghai, Xinjiang, Shanghai and Inner Mongolia recorded relatively high EG values, whereas the traditional hog-producing provinces of Sichuan, Hunan, Henan and Hebei recorded relatively low values. The net-exporting areas also had lower EG levels than the major consuming and balanced production-consumption areas, suggesting a closer spatial match between hog slaughter and the agricultural production base in traditional producing regions; (3) EG states displayed strong path dependence and spatial association, with conditional transition probabilities varying across neighboring EG environments, while provinces formed three relatively stable high-, medium- and low-EG evolutionary tiers rather than converging as a whole; and (4) the leading factor varied by period: agricultural industrial structure was most prominent in 2007–2012, mean annual temperature in 2013–2018, and the corn-production base in 2019–2023, although the evidence for the last period was weak. The study extends hog-industry agglomeration research from an intra-provincial relative-spatial-organization perspective and provides evidence for improving production layout and differentiated regional governance.

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FundingThis research was supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (Grant No. 24XJY004), “Research on the Dilemmas and Breakthrough Paths of Digital Transformation in Animal Husbandry in Western China”; the Social Science Planning Office of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Grant No. 2023NDB191), “Research on the Mechanism and Policy Optimization of Digital Technology Empowering High-Quality Development of Animal Husbandry”;the Fundamental Research Funds for Universities Directly Under the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Grant No. NCYWT25052), “Innovation Team for Research on the Modern Industrial System”;the Inner Mongolia Industrial Development Research Base (Grant No. 2023YB005), “Research on the Impact of Digital Management Based on Precision Feeding on the Supply Efficiency of the Animal Husbandry Industry in Inner Mongolia”; the Yellow River Basin High-Quality Economic Development Research Center (Grant No. 24HND02), “Research on the Impact of Crop-Livestock Integration on the High-Quality Development of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in the Yellow River Basin”; and the Regional Digital Economy and Digital Governance Research Center (Grant No. szzl202622), “Research on the Dynamic Mechanism of Appropriate Digital Technology Selection, the Transition between Old and New Kinetic Energy, and Industrial Transformation and Upgrading in Inner Mongolia.”Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsSchool of Economics, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot, 010070, People’s Republic Of ChinaXiaoping MaCollege of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic Of ChinaYaowen LiangInstitute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, 100081, Beijing, People’s Republic Of ChinaWang HaoAuthorsXiaoping MaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarYaowen LiangView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarWang HaoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarCorresponding authorsCorrespondence to
Yaowen Liang or Wang Hao.Ethics declarations

Competing interests
The authors declare no known financial or personal conflicts of interest that could have influenced the work reported in this study.

Additional informationPublisher’s noteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Supplementary InformationBelow is the link to the electronic supplementary material.Supplementary Material 1 (download DOCX )Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleMa, X., Liang, Y. & Hao, W. Measurement and spatiotemporal evolution of spatial agglomeration in China’s hog industry an EG-index analysis based on prefecture-level data.
Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70704-1Download citationReceived: 26 May 2026Accepted: 03 September 2026Published: 11 September 2026DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70704-1Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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KeywordsHog industrySpatial agglomerationEllison-Glaeser indexSpatial MarkovOptimal-parameters-based geographical detectorSpatiotemporal evolution More

AbstractThe field experiment was carried out during the 2022 main cropping season under rainfed conditions on a farmer’s field in Gechi District, southwestern Ethiopia. The objective was to evaluate the effects of different rates of N combined with NPSB fertilizer on the growth, yield, and yield components of tef varieties, and to identify the economically optimum fertilizer rate for maximizing tef production under the local conditions. A factorial experiment comprising three tef varieties and six nitrogen–NPSB fertilizer combinations (3 × 6) was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Except for days to 50% flowering (DF), days to 90% physiological maturity (DPM), and harvest index (HI), both the main effects and the interaction effects of variety and fertilizer rate significantly (p < 0.05) influenced all measured parameters. The interaction of tef variety and fertilizer rate significantly (p < 0.05) affected grain yield, thousand-seed weight, harvest index, and net benefit. Based on the present study, the Kora variety supplied with 34.5 kg N + 200 kg NPSB ha⁻1 achieved the highest grain yield (2565.4 kg ha⁻1), representing approximately a 162% increase over the unfertilized control and a 40% increase over the currently recommended fertilizer treatment, together with the greatest net economic return. Although the Kora variety supplied with 34.5 kg N + 200 kg NPSB ha⁻1 produced the highest grain yield, agronomic efficiency, and economic return under the conditions of this study, these findings are based on a single-location, single-season experiment. Therefore, the recommendation should be considered preliminary and applicable primarily to agroecological conditions similar to those of Gechi District until validated through multi-location and multi-season experiments.

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FundingThis work did not receive any external funding.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsFarm Africa, Community Development Facilitator, Mattu, EthiopiaAdisu AkaluDepartment of Horticulture & Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, EthiopiaSolomon Tulu & Amsalu NebiyuDepartment of Plant Science, Mattu University, Bedele Campus, Bedele, Oromiya, EthiopiaGarome ShifarawAuthorsAdisu AkaluView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSolomon TuluView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAmsalu NebiyuView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarGarome ShifarawView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarCorresponding authorCorrespondence to
Garome Shifaraw.Ethics declarations

Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent to participate
Not applicable, as the study did not involve human participants or animals.

Consent for publication
All authors consent to the publication of this manuscript. No individual or third-party data were used that would require additional consent.

Ethical approval
Ethical approval was not required for this study because it involved experimental cultivation and management of commercially available wheat varieties, which are not subject to ethical review according to national regulations on plant research in Ethiopia. No human participants or animals were involved in this study.

Additional informationPublisher’s noteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.AppendixAppendixSee Tables Table 9 Days to 50% flowering and 90% physiological maturity, plant height, panicle length, total number of tillers, productive tillers plant-1 and lodging percentage influenced by fertilizer and tef variety.Full size table9 and Table 10 Grain, straw and total above ground dry biomass yield, thousand seed weight and harvest index as influenced by fertilizer and tef variety.Full size table10Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleAkalu, A., Tulu, S., Nebiyu, A. et al. Integrated nitrogen and NPSB fertilization enhances productivity, nutrient-use efficiency, and profitability of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) in Southwestern Ethiopia.
Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70932-5Download citationReceived: 31 May 2026Accepted: 07 September 2026Published: 11 September 2026DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70932-5Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy shareable link to clipboard
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KeywordsNitrogen fertilizerNPSB fertilizerAgronomic efficiencyGrain yield More