Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance

Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark

Patrick Munk, Christian Brinch, Frederik Duus Møller, Thomas N. Petersen, Rene S. Hendriksen, Anne Mette Seyfarth, Jette S. Kjeldgaard, Christina Aaby Svendsen & Frank M. Aarestrup

Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Bram van Bunnik & Mark Woolhouse

Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Fanny Berglund & D. G. Joakim Larsson

Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Marion Koopmans

Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania

Artan Bego

Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Pablo Power

Melbourne Water Corporation, Melbourne, Australia

Catherine Rees & Kris Coventry

Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia

Dionisia Lambrinidis

University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

Elizabeth Heather Jakobsen Neilson & Yaovi Mahuton Gildas Hounmanou

Charles Darwin University, Darwin Northern Territory, Australia

Karen Gibb

Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia

Peter Collignon

ALS Water, Scoresby, Australia

Susan Cassar

Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria

Franz Allerberger

University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Anowara Begum & Zenat Zebin Hossain

Environmental Protection Department, Bridgetown, St. Michael, Barbados

Carlon Worrell

Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Olivier Vandenberg

AQUAFIN NV, Aartselaar, Belgium

Ilse Pieters

Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin

Dougnon Tamègnon Victorien

Universidad Catσlica Boliviana San Pablo, La Paz, Bolivia

Angela Daniela Salazar Gutierrez & Freddy Soria

Public Health Institute of the Republic of Srpska, Faculty of Medicine University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Vesna Rudić Grujić

Public Health Institute of the Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Nataša Mazalica

Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana

Teddie O. Rahube

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Carlos Alberto Tagliati & Larissa Camila Ribeiro de Souza

Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Dalia Rodrigues

Vale Institute of Technology, Belιm, PA, Brazil

Guilherme Oliveira

National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria

Ivan Ivanov

University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Bonkoungou Isidore Juste & Traoré Oumar

Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Thet Sopheak & Yith Vuthy

Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundι, Cameroon

Antoinette Ngandijo, Ariane Nzouankeu & Ziem A. Abah Jacques Olivier

University of Regina, Regina, Canada

Christopher K. Yost

Eau Terre Environnement Research Centre (INRS-ETE), Quebec City G1K 9A9, Canada and Indian Institute of Technology, Jammu, India

Pratik Kumar

Eau Terre Environnement Research Centre (INRS-ETE), Quebec City G1K 9A9, Canada and Lassonde School of Enginerring, York University, Toronto, Canada

Satinder Kaur Brar

University of N’Djamena, N’Djamena, Chad

Djim-Adjim Tabo

Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

Aiko D. Adell

Institute of Public Health, Santiago, Chile

Esteban Paredes-Osses & Maria Cristina Martinez

Centro de Biotecnologνa de los Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Talca, Chile

Sara Cuadros-Orellana

Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China

Changwen Ke, Huanying Zheng & Li Baisheng

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

Lok Ting Lau & Teresa Chung

Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China

Xiaoyang Jiao

Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

Yongjie Yu

Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Henan province, Zhengzhou, China

Zhao JiaYong

Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, CI Tibaitatα, Corporaciσn Colombiana de Investigaciσn Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Tibaitatα – Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia

Johan F. Bernal Morales, Maria Fernanda Valencia & Pilar Donado-Godoy

Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Kalpy Julien Coulibaly

University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Jasna Hrenovic

Andrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia

Matijana Jergović

Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic

Renáta Karpíšková

Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro (CRSN-LWIRO), Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo

Zozo Nyarukweba Deogratias

BIOFOS A/S, Copenhagen K, Denmark

Bodil Elsborg

Technical University of Denmark, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark

Lisbeth Truelstrup Hansen & Pernille Erland Jensen

Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

Mohamed Abouelnaga

University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt

Mohamed Fathy Salem

Ministry of Health, Environmental Microbiology, Tallinn, Estonia

Marliin Koolmeister

Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Mengistu Legesse & Tadesse Eguale

University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Annamari Heikinheimo

French Institute Search Pour L’exploitation De La Mer (Ifremer), Nantes, France

Soizick Le Guyader & Julien Schaeffer

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciσn en Salud Pϊblica-INSPI (CRNRAM), Galαpagos, Quito, Ecuador

Jose Eduardo Villacis

National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kotu, Gambia

Bakary Sanneh

National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia

Lile Malania

Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany

Andreas Nitsche & Annika Brinkmann

Technische Universitδt Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, Germany

Sara Schubert, Sina Hesse & Thomas U. Berendonk

University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana

Courage Kosi Setsoafia Saba

University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Jibril Mohammed

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, PMB, Ghana

Patrick Kwame Feglo

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana

Regina Ama Banu

Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Thermi, Greece

Charalampos Kotzamanidis

Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (EYDAP S.A.), Athens, Greece

Efthymios Lytras

Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala

Sergio A. Lickes

Semmelweis University, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Budapest, Hungary

Bela Kocsis

University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary

Norbert Solymosi

University of Iceland, Reykjavνk, Iceland

Thorunn R. Thorsteinsdottir

Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India

Abdulla Mohamed Hatha

Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India

Mamatha Ballal

Apollo Diagnostics, Mangalore, India

Sohan Rodney Bangera

Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Fereshteh Fani

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Masoud Alebouyeh

National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland

Dearbhaile Morris, Louise O’Connor & Martin Cormican

Ben Gurion University of the Negev and Ministry of Health, Beer-Sheva, Israel

Jacob Moran-Gilad

Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy

Antonio Battisti, Elena Lavinia Diaconu & Patricia Alba

CNR – Water Research Institute, Verbania, Italy

Gianluca Corno & Andrea Di Cesare

National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Junzo Hisatsune, Liansheng Yu, Makoto Kuroda, Motoyuki Sugai & Shizuo Kayama

National Center of Expertise, Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan

Zeinegul Shakenova

Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya

Ciira Kiiyukia

Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya

Eric Ng’eno

University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina” & National Institute of Public Health of Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo

Lul Raka

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait

Kazi Jamil, Saja Adel Fakhraldeen & Tareq Alaati

Institute of Food Safety, Riga, Latvia

Aivars Bērziņš, Jeļena Avsejenko, Kristina Kokina, Madara Streikisa & Vadims Bartkevics

American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

Ghassan M. Matar

Central Michigan University & Michigan Health Clinics, Saginaw, MI, USA

Ziad Daoud

National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania

Asta Pereckienė & Ceslova Butrimaite-Ambrozeviciene

Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg

Christian Penny

Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Alexandra Bastaraud & Jean-Marc Collard

University of Antananarivo, Centre d’Infectiologie Charles Mιrieux, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Tiavina Rasolofoarison, Luc Hervé Samison & Mala Rakoto Andrianarivelo

University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi

Daniel Lawadi Banda

Malaysian Genomics Resource Centre Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Arshana Amin

AIMST University, COMBio, Kedah, Malaysia

Heraa Rajandas & Sivachandran Parimannan

Water Services Corporation, Luqa, Malta

David Spiteri

Environmental Health Directorate, St. Venera, Malta

Malcolm Vella Haber

University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius

Sunita J. Santchurn

Institute for Public Health Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro

Aleksandar Vujacic & Dijana Djurovic

Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco

Brahim Bouchrif & Bouchra Karraouan

Centro de Investigaηγo em Saϊde de Manhiηa (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique

Delfino Carlos Vubil

Agriculture and Forestry University, Kathmandu, Nepal

Pushkar Pal

National Institute for Public, Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Heike Schmitt & Mark van Passel

University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Gert-Jan Jeunen & Neil Gemmell

University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand

Stephen T. Chambers

University of Central America, Managua, Nicaragua

Fania Perez Mendoza & Jorge Huete-Pιrez

Universidad Nacional Autσnoma de Nicaragua-Leσn, Leσn, Nicaragua

Samuel Vilchez

University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

Akeem Olayiwola Ahmed, Ibrahim Raufu Adisa & Ismail Ayoade Odetokun

University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Kayode Fashae

Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

Anne-Marie Sørgaard & Astrid Louise Wester

VEAS, Slemmestad, Norway

Pia Ryrfors & Rune Holmstad

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Mashkoor Mohsin

Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

Rumina Hasan & Sadia Shakoor

Laboratorio Central de Salud Publica, Asuncion, Paraguay

Natalie Weiler Gustafson & Claudia Huber Schill

Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru

Maria Luz Zamudio Rojas

Universidad de Piura, Piura, Peru

Jorge Echevarria Velasquez & Felipe Campos Yauce

WHO Environmental and Occupational Health, Manila, Philippines

Bonifacio B. Magtibay

Maynilad Water Services, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines

Kris Catangcatang & Ruby Sibulo

National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland

Dariusz Wasyl

Universidade Catσlica Portuguesa, CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Quνmica Fina – Laboratσrio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal

Celia Manaia & Jaqueline Rocha

Aguas do Tejo Atlantico, Lisboa, Portugal

Jose Martins & Pedro Álvaro

Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea

Doris Di Yoong Wen, Hanseob Shin & Hor-Gil Hur

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Sukhwan Yoon

Institute of Public Health of the Republic of North Macedonia, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia

Golubinka Bosevska & Mihail Kochubovski

State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova

Radu Cojocaru

National Agency for Public Health, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova

Olga Burduniuc

King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia

Pei-Ying Hong

University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

Meghan Rose Perry

Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Amy Gassama

Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

Vladimir Radosavljevic

Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Moon Y. F. Tay, Rogelio Zuniga-Montanez & Stefan Wuertz

Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia

Dagmar Gavačová, Katarína Pastuchová & Peter Truska

National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Marija Trkov

Independent consultant, Johannesburg, South Africa

Karen Keddy

Daspoort Waste Water Treatment Works, Pretoria, South Africa

Kerneels Esterhuyse

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea

Min Joon Song

School of Veterinary Sciences, Lugo, Spain

Marcos Quintela-Baluja

Labaqua, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Mariano Gomez Lopez

IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain

Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar

University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka

R. R. D. P. Perera, N. K. B. K. R. G. W. Bandara & H. I. Premasiri

Medical Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Sujatha Pathirage

Caribbean Public Health Agency, Catries, Saint Lucia

Kareem Charlemagne

The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Carolin Rutgersson

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

Leif Norrgren & Stefan Örn

Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Bern, Switzerland

Renate Boss

Ara Region Bern AG, Herrenschwanden, Switzerland

Tanja Van der Heijden

Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan

Yu-Ping Hong

Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania

Happiness Houka Kumburu

Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

Robinson Hammerthon Mdegela

Faculty of Science and Technology, Suratthani Rajabhat University, Surat Thani, Thailand

Kaknokrat Chonsin

Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

Orasa Suthienkul

Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand

Visanu Thamlikitkul

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands

Ana Maria de Roda Husman

National Institute of Hygiene, Lomι, Togo

Bawimodom Bidjada

Agence de Mιdecine Prιventive, Dapaong, Togo

Berthe-Marie Njanpop-Lafourcade

Division of Integrated Surveillance of Health Emergencies and Response, Lomι, Togo

Somtinda Christelle Nikiema-Pessinaba

Public Health Institution of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey

Belkis Levent

Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey

Cemil Kurekci

Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Francis Ejobi & John Bosco Kalule

Abu Dhabi Public Health Center, Abu Dhai, United Arab Emirates

Jens Thomsen

Dubai municipality, WWTP Al Aweer, Dubai, UAE

Ouidiane Obaidi

Rashid Hospital, Dubai, UAE

Laila Mohamed Jassim

Northumbrian Water, Northumbria House, Abbey Road, Pity Me, Durham, UK

Andrew Moore

University of Exeter Medical School, Cornwall, UK

Anne Leonard, Lihong Zhang & William H. Gaze

Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

David W. Graham & Joshua T. Bunce

Brightwater Treatment Plant, Woodinville, WA, USA

Brett Lefor

Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Drew Capone & Joe Brown

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA

Emanuele Sozzi & Mark D. Sobsey

University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

John Scott Meschke, Nicola Koren Beck, Pardi Sukapanpatharam & Phuong Truong

Baylor University, Waco, USA

Michael Davis

Columbia Boulevard WWTP, Portland, USA

Ronald Lilienthal

Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, USA

Sanghoon Kang

The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA

Thomas E. Wittum

Laboratorio Tecnolσgico del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay

Natalia Rigamonti & Patricia Baklayan

Institute of Public Health in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

Chinh Dang Van, Doan Minh Nguyen Tran & Nguyen Do Phuc

University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

Geoffrey Kwenda