Lehmann, L. & Keller, L. The evolution of cooperation and altruism—a general framework and a classification of models. J. Evol. Biol. 19, 1365–1376 (2006).
Taborsky, M., Frommen, J. G. & Riehl, C. Correlated pay-offs are key to cooperation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 371, 20150084 (2016).
Trivers, R. L. The evolution of altruism. Q. Rev. Biol. 46, 35–57 (1971).
Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. The evolution of cooperation. Science (80-. ) 211, 1390–1396 (1981).
Pfeiffer, T., Rutte, C., Killingback, T., Taborsky, M. & Bonhoeffer, S. Evolution of cooperation by generalized reciprocity. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 272, 1115–1120 (2005).
Rankin, D. J. & Taborsky, M. Assortment and the evolution of generalized reciprocity. Evolution (N. Y). 63, 1913–1922 (2009).
Alexander, R. D. The Biology of Moral Systems (Aldine Gruyter, New York, 1987).
Nowak, M. A. & Sigmund, K. Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring. Nature 393, 573 (1998).
Winkler, I., Jonas, K. & Rudolph, U. On the usefulness of memory skills in social interactions: Modifying the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma. J. Conflict Resolut. 52, 375–384 (2008).
Stevens, J. R., Volstorf, J., Schooler, L. J. & Rieskamp, J. Forgetting constrains the emergence of cooperative decision strategies. Front. Psychol. 1, 1–12 (2011).
Milinski, M. & Wedekind, C. Working memory constrains human cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95, 13755–13758 (1998).
Volstorf, J., Rieskamp, J. & Stevens, J. R. The good, the bad, and the rare: Memory for partners in social interactions. PLoS One 6, e18945 (2011).
Barta, Z. et al. Optimal moult strategies in migratory birds. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 363, 211–229 (2008).
Houston, A. I. & McNamara, J. M. Models of Adaptive Behaviour: An Approach Based on State (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999).
Tinbergen, N. The Study of Instinct (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1951).
McNamara, J. M. & Houston, A. I. Integrating function and mechanism. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 670–675 (2009).
Gigerenzer, G., Todd, P. M. & ABC Research Group. Simple heuristics that make us smart. (Oxford University Press, 1999).
Hurley, S. Social heuristics that make us smarter. Philos. Psychol. 18, 585–612 (2005).
Isen, A. M. Positive affect, cognitive processes, and social behavior. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 20, 203–253 (1987).
Bartlett, M. Y. & DeSteno, D. Gratitude and prosocial behavior: Helping when it costs you. Psychol. Sci. 17, 319–325 (2006).
Stanca, L. Measuring indirect reciprocity: Whose back do we scratch? J. Econ. Psychol. 30, 190–202 (2009).
Leimgruber, K. L. et al. Give what you get: Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and 4-year-old children pay forward positive and negative outcomes to conspecifics. PLoS One 9, e87035 (2014).
Claidière, N. et al. Selective and contagious prosocial resource donation in capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees and humans. Sci. Rep. 5, 7631 (2015).
Gfrerer, N. & Taborsky, M. Working dogs cooperate among one another by generalised reciprocity. Sci. Rep. 7, 43867 (2017).
Rutte, C. & Taborsky, M. Generalized reciprocity in rats. PLoS Biol. 5, e196 (2007).
Rutte, C. & Taborsky, M. The influence of social experience on cooperative behaviour of rats (Rattus norvegicus): Direct vs generalised reciprocity. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 62, 499–505 (2008).
Schneeberger, K., Dietz, M. & Taborsky, M. Reciprocal cooperation between unrelated rats depends on cost to donor and benefit to recipient. BMC Evol. Biol. 12, 41 (2012).
Schweinfurth, M. K., Aeschbacher, J., Santi, M. & Taborsky, M. Male Norway rats cooperate according to direct but not generalized reciprocity rules. Anim. Behav. 152, 93–101 (2019).
Dolivo, V. & Taborsky, M. Cooperation among Norway rats: The importance of visual cues for reciprocal cooperation, and the role of coercion. Ethology 121, 1071–1080 (2015).
Dolivo, V. & Taborsky, M. Norway rats reciprocate help according to the quality of help they received. Biol. Lett. 11, 20140959 (2015).
Wood, R. I., Kim, J. Y. & Li, G. R. Cooperation in rats playing the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Anim. Behav. 114, 27–35 (2016).
Schweinfurth, M. K. & Taborsky, M. The transfer of alternative tasks in reciprocal cooperation. Anim. Behav. 131, 35–41 (2017).
Schweinfurth, M. K. & Taborsky, M. Reciprocal trading of different commodities in Norway rats. Curr. Biol. 28, 594–599 (2018).
Stieger, B., Schweinfurth, M. K. & Taborsky, M. Reciprocal allogrooming among unrelated Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) is affected by previously received cooperative, affiliative and aggressive behaviours. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 71, 182 (2017).
Delmas, G. E., Lew, S. E. & Zanutto, S. B. High mutual cooperation rates in rats learning reciprocal altruism: The role of payoff matrix. PLoS ONE 14, 1–14 (2019).
Barnett, S. A. & Spencer, M. M. Feeding social behaviour and interspecific competition in wild rats. Behaviour 3, 229–242 (1951).
Norton, S., Culver, B. & Mullenix, P. Development of nocturnal behavior in albino rats. Behav. Biol. 15, 317–331 (1975).
Schweinfurth, M. K. & Taborsky, M. Rats play tit-for-tat instead of integrating cooperative experiences over multiple interactions. Proc. R. Soc. 287, 20192423 (2020).
Engqvist, L. The mistreatment of covariate interaction terms in linear model analyses of behavioural and evolutionary ecology studies. Anim. Behav. 70, 967–971 (2005).
Kilkenny, C., Browne, W. J., Cuthill, I. C., Emerson, M. & Altman, D. G. Improving bioscience research reporting: The arrive guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol. 8, 6–10 (2010).
Schweinfurth, M. K. et al. Do female Norway rats form social bonds? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 71, 98 (2017).
Davis, D. E. The characteristics of rat populations. Q. Rev. Biol. 28, 373–401 (1953).
McGuire, B., Pizzuto, T., Bemis, W. E. & Getz, L. L. General ecology of a rural population of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) based on intensive live trapping. Am. Midl. Nat. 155, 221–236 (2006).
Dunbar, R. I. Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. J. Hum. Evol. 22, 469–493 (1992).
Panoz-Brown, D. et al. Replay of episodic memories in the rat. Curr. Biol. 28, 1628–1634 (2018).
Crystal, J. D. Prospective memory. Curr. Biol. 23, 750–751 (2013).
Telle, H. Beitrag zur Erkenntnis der Verhaltensweise von Ratten, vergleichend dargestellt bei Rattus norvegicus und Rattus rattus. Zeitschrift für Angew. Zool. 53, 129–196 (1966).
Calhoun, J. B. The ecology and sociobiology of the Norway rat. (U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1979).
Mogil, J. S. Mice are people too: Increasing evidence for cognitive, emotional and social capabilities in laboratory rodents. Can. Psychol. 60, 14–20 (2019).
Dolivo, V., Rutte, C. & Taborsky, M. Ultimate and proximate mechanisms of reciprocal altruism in rats. Learn. Behav. 44, 223–226 (2016).
Müller, J. J. A., Massen, J. J. M., Bugnyar, T. & Osvath, M. Ravens remember the nature of a single reciprocal interaction sequence over 2 days and even after a month. Anim. Behav. 128, 69–78 (2017).
Stevens, J. R. & Hauser, M. D. Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the evolution of cooperation. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 60–65 (2004).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
