Verma, A. et al. The genetic basis of toxin biosynthesis in dinofagellates. Microorganisms 7, 222 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hallegraeff, G. M. Ocean climate change, phytoplankton community responses, and harmful algal blooms: A formidable predictive challenge1. J. Phycol. 46, 220–235 (2010).
Google Scholar
Hoppenrath, M., Murray, S., Chomérat, N., Horiguchi, T. Marine Benthic Dinoflagellates – Unveiling Their Worldwide Biodiversity (Kleine Senckenberg-reihe 54). E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagbuchhandlung (2014).
Luo, Z. et al. Cryptic diversity within the harmful dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea in coastal Chinese waters is related to differentiated ecological niches. Harmful Algae 66, 88–96 (2017).
Google Scholar
Litaker, R. W. et al. Taxonomy of Gambierdiscus including four new species, Gambierdiscus caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae). Phycologia 48, 344–390 (2009).
Google Scholar
Hoppenrath, M. et al. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the benthic Prorocentrum species (Dinophyceae)—A proposal and review. Harmful Algae 27, 1–28 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wells, M. L. et al. Future HAB science: Directions and challenges in a changing climate. Harmful Algae 91, 101632 (2020).
Google Scholar
Rhodes, L. World-wide occurrence of the toxic dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis Schmidt. Toxicon 57, 400–407 (2011).
Google Scholar
Parsons, M. L. et al. Gambierdiscus and Ostreopsis: Reassessment of the state of knowledge of their taxonomy, geography, ecophysiology, and toxicology. Harmful Algae 14, 107–129 (2012).
Google Scholar
Schmidt, J. Preliminary report of the botanical results of the Danish expedition to Siam (1899–1900). Part IV Peridiniales. Bot. Tidsskr. 24, 212–221 (1901).
Accoroni, S. et al. Ostreopsis fattorussoi sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new benthic toxic Ostreopsis species from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. J. Phycol. 52, 1064–1084 (2016).
Google Scholar
Verma, A., Hoppenrath, M., Dorantes-Aranda, J. J., Harwood, D. T. & Murray, S. A. Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of Ostreopsis (Dinophyceae) and the description of a new species, Ostreopsis rhodesae sp. nov., from a subtropical Australian lagoon. Harmful Algae 60, 116–130 (2016).
Google Scholar
Fukuyo, Y. Taxonomical study on benthic dinoflagellates collected in coral reefs. Nippon Suisan Gakk. 47, 967–978 (1981).
Google Scholar
Faust, M. A. Three new Ostreopsis species (Dinophyceae): O. marinus sp. nov., O. belizeanus sp. nov., and O. caribbeanus sp. nov.. Phycologia 38, 92–99 (1999).
Google Scholar
Faust, M. A. & Morton, S. L. Morphology and ecology of the marine dinoflagellate Ostreopsis labens sp. nov. (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 31, 456–463 (1995).
Google Scholar
Chomérat, N., Bilien, G., Couté, A. & Quod, J.-P. Reinvestigation of Ostreopsis mascarenensis Quod (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) from Reunion Island (SW Indian Ocean): Molecular phylogeny and emended description. Phycologia 59, 140–153 (2020).
Google Scholar
Boisnoir, A., Bilien, G., Lemée, R. & Chomérat, N. First insights on the diversity of the genus Ostreopsis (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) in Guadeloupe Island, with emphasis on the phylogenetic position of O. heptagona. Eur. J. Protistol. 83, 125875 (2022).
Google Scholar
Chomérat, N. et al. Ostreopsis lenticularis Y. Fukuyo (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) from French Polynesia (South Pacific Ocean): A revisit of its morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity. Harmful Algae 84, 95–111 (2019).
Google Scholar
Nguyen-Ngoc, L. et al. Morphological and genetic analyses of Ostreopsis (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales, Ostreopsidaceae) species from Vietnamese waters with a re-description of the type species, O. siamensis 1. J. Phycol. 57, 1059–1083 (2021).
Google Scholar
Faust, M. A. Observation of sand-dwelling toxic dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) from widely differing sites, including two new species. J. Phycol. 31, 996–1003 (1995).
Google Scholar
David, H., Laza-Martínez, A., Miguel, I. & Orive, E. Broad distribution of Coolia monotis and restricted distribution of Coolia cf. canariensis (Dinophyceae) on the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Phycologia 53, 342–352 (2014).
Google Scholar
Rhodes, L. L. et al. Toxic dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) from Rarotonga Cook Islands. Toxicon 56, 751–758 (2010).
Google Scholar
Meunier, A. Coolia monotis sp. nov. in Mémoires du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique. Microplankton Mer Flamande, Méme partie—Les Péridiniens 8, 68–69 (1919).
Rhodes, L. et al. Epiphytic dinoflagellates in sub-tropical New Zealand, in particular the genus Coolia Meunier. Harmful Algae 34, 36–41 (2014).
Google Scholar
Rhodes, L., Adamson, J., Suzuki, T., Briggs, L. & Garthwaite, I. Toxic marine epiphytic dinoflagellates, Ostreopsis siamensis and Coolia monotis (Dinophyceae), in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 34, 371–383 (2000).
Google Scholar
Fraga, S., Penna, A., Bianconi, I., Paz, B. & Zapata, M. Coolia canariensis sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new nontoxic epiuphytic benthic dinoflagellate from the Canary Islands 1. J. Phycol. 44, 1060–1070 (2008).
Google Scholar
Lindemann, E. Abteilung Peridineae (Dinoflagellate). In Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, 3–104 (1928).
Biecheler, B. Recherches sur les Péridiniens. Bulletin biologique de France et de Belgique Supplement 36, 1–149 (1952).
Balech, E. Étude des dinoflagellés du sable de Roscoff. Revue Algologique, Nouvelle Serie 2, 29–52 (1956).
Mohammad-Noor, N. et al. Autecology and phylogeny of Coolia tropicalis and Coolia malayensis (Dinophyceae), with emphasis on taxonomy of C. tropicalis based on light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and LSU r DNA 1. J. Phycol. 49, 536–545 (2013).
Google Scholar
Leaw, C. P., Lim, P. T., Cheng, K. W., Ng, B. K. & Usup, G. Morphology and molecular characterization of a new species of thecate benthic dinoflagellate, Coolia malayensis sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) 1. J. Phycol. 46, 162–171 (2010).
Google Scholar
Ten-Hage, L., Turquet, J., Quod, J. & Couté, A. Coolia areolata sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new sand-dwelling dinoflagellate from the southwestern Indian Ocean. Phycologia 39, 377–383 (2000).
Google Scholar
Karafas, S., York, R. & Tomas, C. Morphological and genetic analysis of the Coolia monotis species complex with the introduction of two new species, Coolia santacroce sp. nov. and Coolia palmyrensis sp. nov. (Dinophyceae). Harmful Algae 46, 18–33 (2015).
Google Scholar
David, H., Laza-Martínez, A., Rodríguez, F., Fraga, S. & Orive, E. Coolia guanchica sp. nov.(Dinophyceae) a new epibenthic dinoflagellate from the Canary Islands (NE Atlantic Ocean). Eur. J. Phycol. 55, 76–88 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sato, S. et al. Phylogeography of Ostreopsis along west Pacific coast, with special reference to a novel clade from Japan. PLoS One 6, e27983 (2011).
Google Scholar
Penna, A. et al. Characterization of Ostreopsis and Coolia (Dinophyceae) isolates in the western Mediterranean Sea based on morphology, toxicity and internal transcribed spacer 5.8 S rDNA sequences. J. Phycol. 41, 212–225 (2005).
Google Scholar
Tawong, W. et al. Distribution and molecular phylogeny of the dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis in Thailand. Harmful Algae 37, 160–171 (2014).
Google Scholar
Faimali, M. et al. Toxic effects of harmful benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis ovata on invertebrate and vertebrate marine organisms. Mar. Environ. Res. 76, 97–107 (2012).
Google Scholar
Tubaro, A. et al. Case definitions for human poisonings postulated to palytoxins exposure. Toxicon 57, 478–495 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ciminiello, P. et al. Investigation of the toxin profile of Greek mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Toxicon 47, 174–181 (2006).
Google Scholar
Giussani, V. et al. Active role of the mucilage in the toxicity mechanism of the harmful benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata. Harmful Algae 44, 46–53 (2015).
Google Scholar
Usami, M. et al. Palytoxin analogs from the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis siamensis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 5389–5390 (1995).
Google Scholar
Ukena, T. et al. Structure elucidation of ostreocin D, a palytoxin analog isolated from the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis siamensis. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 65, 2585–2588 (2001).
Google Scholar
Amzil, Z. et al. Ovatoxin-a and palytoxin accumulation in seafood in relation to Ostreopsis cf. ovata blooms on the French Mediterranean coast. Mar. Drugs 10, 477–496 (2012).
Google Scholar
Ciminiello, P. et al. Unique toxin profile of a Mediterranean Ostreopsis cf. ovata strain: HR LC-MS n characterization of ovatoxin-f, a new palytoxin congener. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 25, 1243–1252 (2012).
Google Scholar
Laza-Martinez, A., Orive, E. & Miguel, I. Morphological and genetic characterization of benthic dinoflagellates of the genera Coolia, Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum from the south-eastern Bay of Biscay. Eur. J. Phycol. 46, 45–65 (2011).
Google Scholar
Holmes, M. J., Lewis, R. J., Jones, A. & Hoy, A. W. W. Cooliatoxin, the first toxin from Coolia monotis (Dinophyceae). Nat. Toxins 3, 355–362 (1995).
Google Scholar
Rhodes, L. L. & Thomas, A. E. Coolia monotis (Dinophyceae): A toxic epiphytic microalgal species found in New Zealand (Note). N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 31, 139–141 (1997).
Google Scholar
Tibiriçá, C. EJd. A. et al. Diversity and toxicity of the genus Coolia Meunier in Brazil, and detection of 44-methyl Gambierone in Coolia tropicalis. Toxins 12, 327 (2020).
Google Scholar
Tillmann, U., Hoppenrath, M. & Gottschling, M. Reliable determination of Prorocentrum micans Ehrenb. (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae) based on newly collected material from the type locality. Eur. J. Phycol 54, 417–431 (2019).
Google Scholar
Chomérat, N. et al. Taxonomy and toxicity of a bloom-forming Ostreopsis species (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) in Tahiti island (South Pacific Ocean): One step further towards resolving the identity of O. siamensis. Harmful Algae 98, 101888 (2020).
Google Scholar
Rhodes, L. L. et al. The dinoflagellate genera Gambierdiscus and Ostreopsis from subtropical Raoul Island and North Meyer Island, Kermadec Islands. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 51, 490–504 (2017).
Google Scholar
Penna, A. et al. A phylogeographical study of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis Schmidt. J. Biogeogr. 37, 830–841 (2010).
Google Scholar
Zhang, H. et al. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Ostreopsis cf. ovata and O. lenticularis (Dinophyceae) from Hainan Island South China Sea. Phycol. Res. 66, 3–14 (2018).
Google Scholar
Carnicer, O., García-Altares, M., Andree, K. B., Diogène, J. & Fernández-Tejedor, M. First evidence of Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean Ecuadorian coast. Bot. Mar. 59, 267–274 (2016).
Nascimento, S. M. et al. Ostreopsis cf. ovata (Dinophyceae) molecular phylogeny, morphology, and detection of ovatoxins in strains and field samples from Brazil. Toxins 12, 70 (2020).
Google Scholar
Caron, D. A. et al. Defining DNA-based operational taxonomic units for microbial-eukaryote ecology. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 5797–5808 (2009).
Google Scholar
McManus, G. B. & Katz, L. A. Molecular and morphological methods for identifying plankton: What makes a successful marriage?. J. Plankton Res. 31, 1119–1129 (2009).
Google Scholar
De Vargas, C. et al. Eukaryotic plankton diversity in the sunlit ocean. Science 348, 1261605 (2015).
Google Scholar
del Campo, J. et al. Ecological and evolutionary significance of novel protist lineages. Eur. J. Protistol. 55, 4–11 (2016).
Google Scholar
Hallegraeff, G. Harmful algal blooms: A global overview. Man. Harmful Mar. Microalgae 33, 1–22 (2003).
Penna, A., Casabianca, S., Guerra, A. F., Vernesi, C. & Scardi, M. Analysis of phytoplankton assemblage structure in the Mediterranean Sea based on high-throughput sequencing of partial 18S rRNA sequences. Mar. Genom. 36, 49–55 (2017).
Google Scholar
Zarauz, L. & Irigoien, X. Effects of Lugol’s fixation on the size structure of natural nano–microplankton samples, analyzed by means of an automatic counting method. J. Plankton Res. 30, 1297–1303 (2008).
Google Scholar
De Luca, D., Piredda, R., Sarno, D. & Kooistra, W. H. Resolving cryptic species complexes in marine protists: phylogenetic haplotype networks meet global DNA metabarcoding datasets. ISME J. 15, 1931–1942 (2021).
Google Scholar
Wang, Z. et al. Phytoplankton community and HAB species in the South China Sea detected by morphological and metabarcoding approaches. Harmful Algae 118, 102297 (2022).
Google Scholar
Le Bescot, N. et al. Global patterns of pelagic dinoflagellate diversity across protist size classes unveiled by metabarcoding. Environ. Microbiol. 18, 609–626 (2016).
Google Scholar
Hoppenrath, M. Dinoflagellate taxonomy—A review and proposal of a revised classification. Mar. Biodivers. 47, 381–403 (2017).
Google Scholar
Boenigk, J., Ereshefsky, M., Hoef-Emden, K., Mallet, J. & Bass, D. Concepts in protistology: Species definitions and boundaries. Eur. J. Protistol. 48, 96–102 (2012).
Google Scholar
David, H., Laza-Martínez, A., Miguel, I. & Orive, E. Ostreopsis cf. siamensis and Ostreopsis cf. ovata from the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula: Morphological and phylogenetic characterization. Harmful Algae 30, 44–55 (2013).
Google Scholar
Aligizaki, K. & Nikolaidis, G. The presence of the potentially toxic genera Ostreopsis and Coolia (Dinophyceae) in the North Aegean Sea Greece. Harmful Algae 5, 717–730 (2006).
Google Scholar
Selina, M. S. & Orlova, T. Y. First occurrence of the genus Ostreopsis (Dinophyceae) in the Sea of Japan. Bot. Mar. 53, 243–249 (2010).
Google Scholar
Kang, N. S. et al. Morphology and molecular characterization of the epiphytic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the temperate waters off Jeju Island Korea. Harmful Algae 27, 98–112 (2013).
Google Scholar
Momigliano, P., Sparrow, L., Blair, D. & Heimann, K. The diversity of Coolia spp. (Dinophyceae Ostreopsidaceae) in the central Great Barrier Reef region. PloS One 8, e79278 (2013).
Google Scholar
Nguyen, L. N. Morphology and distribution of the three epiphytic dinoflagellate species Coolia monotis, C. tropicalis, and C. canariensis (Ostreopsidaceae, Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) from Vietnamese coastal waters. Ocean Sci. 49, 211–221 (2014).
Google Scholar
Verma, A. et al. Functional significance of phylogeographic structure in a toxic benthic marine microbial eukaryote over a latitudinal gradient along the East Australian Current. Ecol. Evol. 10, 6257–6273 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wayne Litaker, R. et al. Recognizing dinoflagellate species using ITS rDNA sequences 1. J. Phycol. 43, 344–355 (2007).
Google Scholar
Kremp, A. et al. Phylogenetic relationships, morphological variation, and toxin patterns in the Alexandrium ostenfeldii (D inophyceae) complex: Implications for species boundaries and identities. J. Phycol. 50, 81–100 (2014).
Google Scholar
Nascimento, S. M., da Silva, R. A., Oliveira, F., Fraga, S. & Salgueiro, F. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Coolia tropicalis, Coolia malayensis and a new lineage of the Coolia canariensis species complex (Dinophyceae) isolated from Brazil. Eur. J. Phycol. 54, 484–496 (2019).
Google Scholar
Phua, Y. H., Roy, M. C., Lemer, S., Husnik, F. & Wakeman, K. C. Diversity and toxicity of Pacific strains of the benthic dinoflagellate Coolia (Dinophyceae), with a look at the Coolia canariensis species complex. Harmful Algae 109, 102120 (2021).
Google Scholar
Selwood, A. I. et al. A sensitive assay for palytoxins, ovatoxins and ostreocins using LC-MS/MS analysis of cleavage fragments from micro-scale oxidation. Toxicon 60, 810–820 (2012).
Google Scholar
Ciminiello, P. et al. Isolation and structure elucidation of ovatoxin-a, the major toxin produced by Ostreopsis ovata. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 1869–1875 (2012).
Google Scholar
Dell’Aversano, C. et al. Ostreopsis cf. ovata from the Mediterranean area. Variability in toxinprofiles and structural elucidation of unknowns through LC-HRMSn. In Proc. of the 16th International Conference on Harmful Algae, 70–73 (2014).
Terajima, T., Uchida, H., Abe, N. & Yasumoto, T. Structure elucidation of ostreocin-A and ostreocin-E1, novel palytoxin analogs produced by the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis siamensis, using LC/Q-TOF MS. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 83, 381–390 (2019).
Google Scholar
Tartaglione, L. et al. Chemical, molecular, and eco-toxicological investigation of Ostreopsis sp. from Cyprus Island: Structural insights into four new ovatoxins by LC-HRMS/MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 408, 915–932 (2016).
Google Scholar
Murray, J. S. et al. The role of 44-methylgambierone in ciguatera fish poisoning: Acute toxicity, production by marine microalgae and its potential as a biomarker for Gambierdiscus spp. Harmful Algae 97, 101853 (2020).
Google Scholar
Nakajima, I., Oshima, Y. & Yasumoto, T. Toxicity of benthic dinoflagellates found in coral reef. Toxicity of benthic dinoflagellates in Okinawa. Nippon Suisan Gakk. 47, 1029–1033 (1981).
Google Scholar
Boente-Juncal, A. et al. Structure elucidation and biological evaluation of maitotoxin-3, a homologue of gambierone, from Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Toxins 11, 79 (2019).
Google Scholar
Stuart, J. et al. Geographical distribution, molecular and toxin diversity of the dinoflagellate species Gambierdiscus honu in the Pacific region. Harmful Algae 118, 102308 (2022).
Google Scholar
Smith, K. F. et al. A new Gambierdiscus species (Dinophyceae) from Rarotonga, Cook Islands: Gambierdiscus cheloniae sp. nov. Harmful Algae 60, 45–56 (2016).
Google Scholar
Guillard, R. R. L. Culture of Marine Invertebrates Animals 29–60 (Plenum Press, 1975).
Google Scholar
Chomérat, N., iti Gatti, C. M., Nézan, É. & Chinain, M. Studies on the benthic genus Sinophysis (Dinophysales, Dinophyceae) II. S. canaliculata from Rapa Island (French Polynesia). Phycologia 56, 193–203 (2017).
Google Scholar
Abràmoff, M. D., Magalhães, P. J. & Ram, S. J. Image processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics Int. 11, 36–42 (2004).
Verma, A. et al. Molecular phylogeny, morphology and toxigenicity of Ostreopsis cf. siamensis (Dinophyceae) from temperate south-east Australia. Phycol. Res. 64, 146–159 (2016).
Google Scholar
Kearse, M. et al. Geneious basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28, 1647–1649 (2012).
Google Scholar
Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 33, 1870–1874 (2016).
Google Scholar
Posada, D. & Crandall, K. A. MODELTEST: Testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14, 817–818 (1998).
Google Scholar
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J. P. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19, 1572–1574 (2003).
Google Scholar
Murray, J. S. et al. Acute toxicity of gambierone and quantitative analysis of gambierones produced by cohabitating benthic dinoflagellates. Toxins 13, 333 (2021).
Google Scholar
Murray, J. S., Boundy, M. J., Selwood, A. I. & Harwood, D. T. Development of an LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously monitor maitotoxins and selected ciguatoxins in algal cultures and P-CTX-1B in fish. Harmful Algae 80, 80–87 (2018).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com