Siebert, S., Portmann, F. T. & Döll, P. Global patterns of cropland use intensity. Remote Sens. 2, 1625–1643 (2010).
Google Scholar
Rodell, M., Velicogna, I. & Famiglietti, J. S. Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India. Nature 460, 999–1002 (2009).
Google Scholar
Tiwari, V. M., Wahr, J. & Swenson, S. Dwindling groundwater resources in northern India, from satellite gravity observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039401 (2009).
Chen, J., Li, J., Zhang, Z. & Ni, S. Long-term groundwater variations in northwest India from satellite gravity measurements. Glob. Planet. Change 116, 130–138 (2014).
Google Scholar
Bhanja, S. N. & Mukherjee, A. In situ and satellite-based estimates of usable groundwater storage across India: implications for drinking water supply and food security. Adv. Water Resour. 126, 15–23 (2019).
Google Scholar
Tang, Y. et al. Reconstructing annual groundwater storage changes in a large-scale irrigation region using GRACE data and Budyko model. J. Hydrol. 551, 397–406 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ahmed, K., Shahid, S., Demirel, M. C., Nawaz, N. & Khan, N. The changing characteristics of groundwater sustainability in Pakistan from 2002 to 2016. Hydrogeol. J. 27, 2485–2496 (2019).
Google Scholar
Asoka, A., Gleeson, T., Wada, Y. & Mishra, V. Relative contribution of monsoon precipitation and pumping to changes in groundwater storage in India. Nat. Geosci. 10, 109–117 (2017).
Google Scholar
MacDonald, A. M. et al. Groundwater quality and depletion in the Indo-Gangetic basin mapped from in situ observations. Nat. Geosci. 9, 762–766 (2016).
Google Scholar
Basharat, M., Umair Ali, S. & Azhar, A. H. Spatial variation in irrigation demand and supply across canal commands in Punjab: a real integrated water resources management challenge. Water Policy 16, 397–421 (2013).
Google Scholar
Irfan, M., Qadir, A., Ali, H., Jamil, N. & Ahmad, S. R. Vulnerability of Environmental Resources in Indus Basin after the Development of Irrigation System (Intechopen, 2019).
Shah, T. Taming the Anarchy: Groundwater Governance in South Asia (Routledge, 2010).
Tahir, Z. & Habib, Z. Land and Water Productivity: Trends Across Punjab Canal Commands Vol. 14 (IWMI, 2001).
Van Dijk, W. M. et al. Spatial variation of groundwater response to multiple drivers in a depleting alluvial aquifer system, northwestern India. Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133319871941 (2020).
Lapworth, D. J. et al. Groundwater recharge and age-depth profiles of intensively exploited groundwater resources in northwest India. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 7554–7562 (2015).
Google Scholar
Raza, A., Latif, M. & Shakir, A. S. Long-term effectiveness of lining tertiary canals in the Indus basin of Pakistan. Irrig. Drain. 62, 16–24 (2013).
Google Scholar
Mukherji, A. Sustainable groundwater management in India needs a water–energy–food nexus approach. Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy 44, 394–410 (2020).
Panda, D. K. & Wahr, J. Spatiotemporal evolution of water storage changes in India from the updated GRACE-derived gravity records. Water Resour. Res. 52, 135–149 (2016).
Google Scholar
Tripathi, A., Mishra, A. K. & Verma, G. Impact of preservation of subsoil water act on groundwater depletion: the case of Punjab, India. Environ. Manage. 58, 48–59 (2016).
Google Scholar
Watto, M. A., Mugera, A. W., Kingwell, R. & Saqab, M. M. Re-thinking the unimpeded tube-well growth under the depleting groundwater resources in the Punjab, Pakistan. Hydrogeol. J. 26, 2411–2425 (2018).
Google Scholar
Greenman, D. W., Bennett, G. D. & Swarzenski, W. V. Ground-Water Hydrology of the Punjab, West Pakistan, with Emphasis on Problems Caused by Canal Irrigation (US Government Printing Office, 1967).
Jeevandas, A., Singh, R. & Kumar, R. Concerns of groundwater depletion and irrigation efficiency in Punjab agriculture: a micro-level study. Agric. Econ. Res. Rev. 21, 191–199 (2008).
Shekhar, S. et al. Modelling water levels of northwestern India in response to improved irrigation use efficiency. Sci. Rep. 10, 13452 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ground-Water Studies in the Ghaggar River basin in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan Final Technical Report Vol. 1 (UNDP, 1985).
Long, D., Chen, X. & Scanlon, B. et al. Have GRACE satellites overestimated groundwater depletion in the northwest India aquifer? Sci. Rep. 6, 24398 (2016).
Google Scholar
Joshi, S. K., Gupta, S., Sinha, R., Densmore, A. L., Rai, S. P., Shekhar, S. & van Dijk, W. M. Strongly heterogeneous patterns of groundwater depletion in northwestern India. J. Hydrol. 598, 126492 (2021).
Google Scholar
Joshi, S. K. et al. Tracing groundwater recharge sources in the northwestern Indian alluvial aquifer using water isotopes (Δ18O, Δ2H and 3H). J. Hydrol. 559, 835–847 (2018).
Google Scholar
O’Keeffe, J. et al. Isolating the impacts of anthropogenic water use within the hydrological regime of north India. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 45, 1217–1228 (2019).
Erenstein, O. Comparing water management in rice–wheat production systems in Haryana, India and Punjab, Pakistan. Agric. Water Manage. 96, 1799–1806 (2009).
Google Scholar
Zaveri, E. et al. Invisible water, visible impact: groundwater use and Indian agriculture under climate change. Environ. Res. Lett. 11, 084005 (2016).
Google Scholar
Shah, T. Climate change and groundwater: India’s opportunities for mitigation and adaptation. Environ. Res. Lett. 4, 035005 (2009).
Google Scholar
Mishra, V. Long-term (1870–2018) drought reconstruction in context of surface water security in India. J. Hydrol. 580, 124228 (2020).
Google Scholar
Devanand, A., Huang, M., Ashfaq, M., Barik, B. & Ghosh, S. Choice of irrigation water management practice affects Indian summer monsoon rainfall and its extremes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 9126–9135 (2019).
Google Scholar
Laghari, A., Vanham, D. & Rauch, W. The Indus basin in the framework of current and future water resources management. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 16, 1063–1083 (2012).
Google Scholar
Wijngaard, R. R. et al. Climate change vs. socio-economic development: understanding the future South Asian water gap. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 22, 6297–6321 (2018).
Google Scholar
Butler, J. J., Bohling, G. C., Whittemore, D. O. & Wilson, B. B. A roadblock on the path to aquifer sustainability: underestimating the impact of pumping reductions. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 014003 (2020).
Google Scholar
Turner, S. W. D., Hejazi, M., Yonkofski, C., Kim, S. H. & Kyle, P. Influence of groundwater extraction costs and resource depletion limits on simulated global nonrenewable water withdrawals over the twenty-first century. Earths Future 7, 123–135 (2019).
Google Scholar
Khan, S., Rana, T., Gabriel, H. & Ullah, M. K. Hydrogeologic assessment of escalating groundwater exploitation in the Indus basin, Pakistan. Hydrogeol. J. 16, 1635–1654 (2008).
Google Scholar
Mekonnen, D., Siddiqi, A. & Ringler, C. Drivers of groundwater use and technical efficiency of groundwater, canal water, and conjunctive use in Pakistan’s Indus basin irrigation system. Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 32, 459–476 (2016).
Google Scholar
Report of the 5th Census of Minor Irrigation Schemes (Ministry of Water Resources, 2017).
Qureshi, A. S., Tushaar, S. & Mujeeb, A. The Groundwater Economy of Pakistan (IWMI, 2003).
Bennett, G. D. Analysis of aquifer tests in the Punjab region of West Pakistan (US Government Printing Office, 1967).
Bonsor, H. C. et al. Hydrogeological typologies of the Indo-Gangetic basin alluvial aquifer, South Asia. Hydrogeol. J. 25, 1377–1406 (2017).
Google Scholar
Lapworth, D. J. et al. Groundwater quality in the alluvial aquifer system of northwest India: new evidence of the extent of anthropogenic and geogenic contamination. Sci. Total Environ. 599–600, 1433–1444 (2017).
Google Scholar
Krishan, G. et al. Isotopes (δ18O, δD and 3H) variations in groundwater with emphasis on salinization in the State of Punjab, India. Sci. Total Environ. 148051 (2021).
Punjab Development Statistics 2003 (Bureau of Statistics, 2003).
Punjab Development Statistics 2019 (Bureau of Statistics, 2019).
Statistical Abstract of Punjab 2019 (Economic and Statistical Organisation, 2019).
Statistical Abstract of Haryana 2018–19 (Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, 2020).
Harris, I., Osborn, T. J., Jones, P. & Lister, D. Version 4 of the CRU TS monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset. Sci. Data 7, 109 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hirsch, R. M., Slack, J. R. & Smith, R. A. Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data. Water Resour. Res. 18, 107–121 (1982).
Google Scholar
McKee, T. B., Doesken, N. J. & Kleist, J. The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. In Proc. 8th Conference on Applied Climatology Vol. 17, 179–183 (1993).
Source: Resources - nature.com