Laurance, W. F., Sayer, J. & Cassman, K. G. Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29, 107–116 (2014).
Google Scholar
Bélanger, J. & Pilling, D. (eds) The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture (FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 2019).
Rockström, J. et al. Sustainable intensification of agriculture for human prosperity and global sustainability. Ambio 46, 4–17 (2017).
Google Scholar
Pretty, J. et al. Global assessment of agricultural system redesign for sustainable intensification. Nat. Sustain. 1, 441–446 (2018).
Google Scholar
Renard, D. & Tilman, D. National food production stabilized by crop diversity. Nature 571, 257–260 (2019).
Google Scholar
Tilman, D. Benefits of intensive agricultural intercropping. Nat. Plants 6, 604–605 (2020).
Google Scholar
Gomez, A. A. & Gomez, K. A. Multiple Cropping in the Humid Tropics of Asia (IDRC, 1983).
Li, L. et al. Diversity enhances agricultural productivity via rhizosphere phosphorus facilitation on phosphorus-deficient soils. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 11192–11196 (2007).
Google Scholar
Li, C. J. et al. Syndromes of production in intercropping impact yield gains. Nat. Plants 6, 653–660 (2020).
Google Scholar
Xu, Z. et al. Intercropping maize and soybean increases efficiency of land and fertilizer nitrogen use; a meta-analysis. Field Crops Res. 246, 107661 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zhu, Y. Y. et al. Genetic diversity and disease control in rice. Nature 406, 718–722 (2000).
Google Scholar
Li, W. X. et al. Effects of intercropping and nitrogen application on nitrate present in the profile of an Orthic Anthrosol in Northwest China. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 105, 483–491 (2005).
Google Scholar
Manevski, K., Borgesen, C. D., Andersen, M. N. & Kristensen, I. S. Reduced nitrogen leaching by intercropping maize with red fescue on sandy soils in North Europe: a combined field and modeling study. Plant Soil 388, 67–85 (2015).
Google Scholar
Tilman, D., Reich, P. B. & Knops, J. M. H. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment. Nature 441, 629–632 (2006).
Google Scholar
Roscher, C. et al. Identifying population- and community-level mechanisms of diversity–stability relationships in experimental grasslands. J. Ecol. 99, 1460–1469 (2011).
Google Scholar
Zhou, B. R. et al. Plant functional groups asynchrony keep the community biomass stability along with the climate change—a 20-year experimental observation of alpine meadow in eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 282, 49–57 (2019).
Google Scholar
Schnabel, F. et al. Drivers of productivity and its temporal stability in a tropical tree diversity experiment. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 4257–4272 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pohl, M., Alig, D., Körner, C. & Rixen, C. Higher plant diversity enhances soil stability in disturbed alpine ecosystems. Plant Soil 324, 91–102 (2009).
Google Scholar
Pérès, G. et al. Mechanisms linking plant community properties to soil aggregate stability in an experimental grassland plant diversity gradient. Plant Soil 373, 285–299 (2013).
Google Scholar
Gould, I. J., Quinton, J. N., Weigelt, A., De Deyn, G. B. & Bardgett, R. D. Plant diversity and root traits benefit physical properties key to soil function in grasslands. Ecol. Lett. 19, 1140–1149 (2016).
Google Scholar
Lange, M. et al. Plant diversity increases soil microbial activity and soil carbon storage. Nat. Commun. 6, 6707 (2015).
Google Scholar
Dybzinski, R., Fargione, J. E., Zak, D. R., Fornara, D. & Tilman, D. Soil fertility increases with plant species diversity in a long-term biodiversity experiment. Oecologia 158, 85–93 (2008).
Google Scholar
Tisdall, J. M. & Oades, J. M. Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. J. Soil Sci. 33, 141–163 (1982).
Google Scholar
Amézketa, E. Soil aggregate stability: a review. J. Sustain. Agric. 14, 83–151 (1999).
Google Scholar
Six, J., Bossuyt, H., Degryze, S. & Denef, K. A history of research on the link between (micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Tillage Res. 79, 7–31 (2004).
Google Scholar
Tiemann, L. K., Grandy, A. S., Atkinson, E. E., Marin-Spiotta, E. & McDaniel, M. D. Crop rotational diversity enhances belowground communities and functions in an agroecosystem. Ecol. Lett. 18, 761–771 (2015).
Google Scholar
Christensen, B. T. & Johnston, A. E. in Developments in Soil Science (eds Gregorich, E. G. & Carter, M. R.) 399–430 (Elsevier, 1997).
Fornara, D. A. & Tilman, D. Soil carbon sequestration in prairie grasslands increased by chronic nitrogen addition. Ecology 93, 2030–2036 (2012).
Google Scholar
Cong, W. F. et al. Plant species richness promotes soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in grasslands without legumes. J. Ecol. 102, 1163–1170 (2014).
Google Scholar
Zhang, W. F. et al. Closing yield gaps in China by empowering smallholder farmers. Nature 537, 671–674 (2016).
Google Scholar
Wan, N. F. et al. Global synthesis of effects of plant species diversity on trophic groups and interactions. Nat. Plants 6, 503–510 (2020).
Google Scholar
Isbell, F. et al. Benefits of increasing plant diversity in sustainable agroecosystems. J. Ecol. 105, 871–879 (2017).
Google Scholar
Status of the World’s Soil Resources Main Report (FAO and ITPS, 2015).
Jensen, E. S. & Williamson, S. in Replacing Chemicals with Biology: Phasing Out Highly Hazardous Pesticides with Agroecology (eds Watts, M. & Williamson, S.) 162–167 (Pestice Action Network International, 2015).
Bender, S. F., Wagg, C. & van der Heijden, M. G. A. An underground revolution: biodiversity and soil ecological engineering for agricultural sustainability. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 440–452 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zhang, R. Z. et al. Response of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity and community in maize and soybean rhizosphere soil and roots to intercropping systems with different nitrogen application rates. Sci. Total Environ. 740, 139810 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bao, S. D. Analysis on Soil and Agricultural Chemistry (China Agricultural Press, 2005).
Kemper, W. D. & Rosenau, R. C. Aggregate Stability and Size Distribution: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Methods (American Society of Agronomy, 1986).
Willey, R. W. Evaluation and presentation of intercropping advantages. Exp. Agric. 21, 119–133 (1985).
Google Scholar
van Ruijven, J. & Berendse, F. Contrasting effects of diversity on the temporal stability of plant populations. Oikos 116, 1323–1330 (2007).
Google Scholar
The Price Division, National Development and Reform Commission of China The National Agricultural Products Cost–Benefit Compilation of Information (China Statistics Press, 2010–2019).
R Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing v.3.6.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2019).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
