Caldeira, K. & Wickett, M. E. Oceanography: Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature 425, 365–365 (2003).
Google Scholar
Sabine, C. L. et al. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. Science 305, 367–371 (2004).
Google Scholar
IPCC. In IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (eds. Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., Weyer, N. M.) (2019).
Kroeker, K. J. et al. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: Quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 1884–1896 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ries, J. B., Cohen, A. L. & McCorkle, D. C. Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geology 37, 1131–1134 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ramajo, L. et al. Food supply confers calcifiers resistance to ocean acidification. Sci. Rep. 6, 19374 (2016).
Google Scholar
Vargas, C. A. et al. Species-specific responses to ocean acidification should account for local adaptation and adaptive plasticity. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 0084 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kleypas, J. A. & Yates, K. K. Coral reefs and ocean acidification. Oceanography 22, 108–117 (2009).
Google Scholar
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318, 1737–1742 (2007).
Google Scholar
Pandolfi, J. M., Connolly, S. R., Marshall, D. J. & Cohen, A. L. Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification. Science 333, 418–422 (2011).
Google Scholar
Cornwall, C. E. et al. Global declines in coral reef calcium carbonate production under ocean acidification and warming. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 118, e2015265118 (2021).
Google Scholar
Langer, M. R., Silk, M. T. & Lipps, J. H. Global ocean carbonate and carbon dioxide production: The role of reef foraminifera. J. Foraminifer. Res. 27, 271–277 (1997).
Google Scholar
Langer, M. R. Assessing the contribution of foraminiferan protists to global ocean carbonate production. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 55, 163–169 (2008).
Google Scholar
Hallock, P. Symbiont-bearing Foraminifera. In Modern Foraminifera (ed. Sen Gupta, B. K.) 123–139 (Springer Netherlands, 2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48104-9_8.
BouDagher-Fadel, M. K. Biology and evolutionary history of larger benthic foraminifera. In Evolution and Geological Significance of Larger Benthic Foraminifera 1–44 (UCL Press, 2018).
Köhler-Rink, S. & Kühl, M. Microsensor studies of photosynthesis and respiration in larger symbiotic foraminifera. I The physico-chemical microenvironment of Marginopora vertebralis, Amphistegina lobifera and Amphisorus hemprichii. Mar. Biol. 137, 473–486 (2000).
Google Scholar
Glas, M. S., Fabricius, K. E., de Beer, D. & Uthicke, S. The O2, pH and Ca2+ microenvironment of benthic foraminifera in a high CO2 world. PLoS One 7, e50010 (2012).
Google Scholar
De Nooijer, L. J., Toyofuku, T. & Kitazato, H. Foraminifera promote calcification by elevating their intracellular pH. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106, 15374–15378 (2009).
Google Scholar
Glas, M., Langer, G. & Keul, N. Calcification acidifies the microenvironment of a benthic foraminifer (Ammonia sp.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 424–425, 53–58 (2012).
Google Scholar
Toyofuku, T. et al. Proton pumping accompanies calcification in foraminifera. Nat. Commun. 8, 14145 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hallock, P., Lidz, B. H., Cockey-Burkhard, E. M. & Donnelly, K. B. Foraminifera as bioindicators in coral reef assessment and monitoring: The FORAM Index. Environ. Monit. Assess. 81, 221–238 (2003).
Google Scholar
Uthicke, S., Thompson, A. & Schaffelke, B. Effectiveness of benthic foraminiferal and coral assemblages as water quality indicators on inshore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 29, 209–225 (2010).
Google Scholar
Prazeres, M., Martínez-Colón, M. & Hallock, P. Foraminifera as bioindicators of water quality: The FoRAM Index revisited. Environ. Pollut. 257, 113612 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sen Gupta, B. K. Modern Foraminifera. (Springer Science & Business Media, 2003).
Morse, J. W., Andersson, A. J. & Mackenzie, F. T. Initial responses of carbonate-rich shelf sediments to rising atmospheric pCO2 and “ocean acidification”: Role of high Mg-calcites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 5814–5830 (2006).
Google Scholar
Andersson, A. J., Mackenzie, F. T. & Bates, N. R. Life on the margin: Implications of ocean acidification on Mg-calcite, high latitude and cold-water marine calcifiers. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 373, 265–273 (2008).
Google Scholar
Van Dijk, I., De Nooijer, L. J. & Reichart, G.-J. Trends in element incorporation in hyaline and porcelaneous foraminifera as a function of pCO2. Biogeosciences 14, 497–510 (2017).
Google Scholar
Not, C., Thibodeau, B. & Yokoyama, Y. Incorporation of Mg, Sr, Ba, U, and B in high-Mg calcite benthic foraminifers cultured under controlled pCO2. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 19, 83–98 (2018).
Google Scholar
Levi, A., Müller, W. & Erez, J. Intrashell variability of trace elements in benthic foraminifera grown under high CO2 levels. Front. Earth Sci. 7, 247 (2019).
Google Scholar
Doo, S. S., Fujita, K., Byrne, M. & Uthicke, S. Fate of calcifying tropical symbiont-bearing large benthic foraminifera: Living sands in a changing ocean. Biol. Bull. 226, 169–186 (2014).
Google Scholar
Fujita, K. et al. Effects of ocean acidification on calcification of symbiont-bearing reef foraminifers. Biogeosciences 8, 2089–2098 (2011).
Google Scholar
Hikami, M. et al. Contrasting calcification responses to ocean acidification between two reef foraminifers harboring different algal symbionts. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L19601 (2011).
Google Scholar
Vogel, N. & Uthicke, S. Calcification and photobiology in symbiont-bearing benthic foraminifera and responses to a high CO2 environment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 424–425, 15–24 (2012).
Google Scholar
McIntyre-Wressnig, A., Bernhard, J. M., McCorkle, D. C. & Hallock, P. Non-lethal effects of ocean acidification on the symbiont-bearing benthic foraminifer Amphistegina gibbosa. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 472, 45–60 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kuroyanagi, A., Kawahata, H., Suzuki, A., Fujita, K. & Irie, T. Impacts of ocean acidification on large benthic foraminifers: Results from laboratory experiments. Mar. Micropaleontol. 73, 190–195 (2009).
Google Scholar
Knorr, P. O., Robbins, L. L., Harries, P. J., Hallock, P. & Wynn, J. Response of the Miliolid Archaias angulatus to simulated ocean acidification. J. Foraminifer. Res. 45, 109–127 (2015).
Google Scholar
Prazeres, M., Uthicke, S. & Pandolfi, J. M. Ocean acidification induces biochemical and morphological changes in the calcification process of large benthic foraminifera. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20142782 (2015).
Google Scholar
Reymond, C., Lloyd, A., Kline, D., Dove, S. & Pandolfi, J. Decline in growth of foraminifer Marginopora rossi under eutrophication and ocean acidification scenarios. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 291–302 (2013).
Google Scholar
Sinutok, S., Hill, R., Doblin, M. A., Wuhrer, R. & Ralph, P. J. Warmer more acidic conditions cause decreased productivity and calcification in subtropical coral reef sediment-dwelling calcifiers. Limnol. Oceanogr. 56, 1200–1212 (2011).
Google Scholar
Sinutok, S., Hill, R., Kühl, M., Doblin, M. A. & Ralph, P. J. Ocean acidification and warming alter photosynthesis and calcification of the symbiont-bearing foraminifera Marginopora vertebralis. Mar. Biol. 161, 2143–2154 (2014).
Google Scholar
Schmidt, C., Kucera, M. & Uthicke, S. Combined effects of warming and ocean acidification on coral reef Foraminifera Marginopora vertebralis and Heterostegina depressa. Coral Reefs 33, 805–818 (2014).
Google Scholar
Engel, B., Hallock, P., Price, R. & Pichler, T. Shell dissolution in larger benthic foraminifers exposed to pH and temperature extremes: Results from an in situ experiment. J. Foraminifer. Res. 45, 190–203 (2015).
Google Scholar
Marques, J. A., de Barros Marangoni, L. F. & Bianchini, A. Combined effects of sea water acidification and copper exposure on the symbiont-bearing foraminifer Amphistegina gibbosa. Coral Reefs 36, 489–501 (2017).
Google Scholar
Uthicke, S. & Fabricius, K. E. Productivity gains do not compensate for reduced calcification under near-future ocean acidification in the photosynthetic benthic foraminifer species Marginopora vertebralis. Glob. Change Biol. 18, 2781–2791 (2012).
Google Scholar
Uthicke, S., Momigliano, P. & Fabricius, K. E. High risk of extinction of benthic foraminifera in this century due to ocean acidification. Sci. Rep. 3, 1–5 (2013).
Google Scholar
Pettit, L. R., Smart, C. W., Hart, M. B., Milazzo, M. & Hall-Spencer, J. M. Seaweed fails to prevent ocean acidification impact on foraminifera along a shallow-water CO2 gradient. Ecol. Evol. 5, 1784–1793 (2015).
Google Scholar
Martinez, A., Hernández-Terrones, L., Rebolledo-Vieyra, M. & Paytan, A. Impact of carbonate saturation on large Caribbean benthic foraminifera assemblages. Biogeosciences 15, 6819–6832 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pettit, L. R. et al. Benthic foraminifera show some resilience to ocean acidification in the northern Gulf of California, Mexico. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 73, 452–462 (2013).
Google Scholar
Charrieau, L. M. et al. The effects of multiple stressors on the distribution of coastal benthic foraminifera: A case study from the Skagerrak-Baltic Sea region. Mar. Micropaleontol. 139, 42–56 (2018).
Google Scholar
Narayan, G. R. et al. Response of large benthic foraminifera to climate and local changes: Implications for future carbonate production. Sedimentology https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12858 (2021).
Google Scholar
Le Cadre, V., Debenay, J.-P. & Lesourd, M. Low pH effect on Ammonia beccarii test deformation: Implications for using test deformations as a pollution indicator. J. Foraminifer. Res. 33, 1–9 (2003).
Google Scholar
Kurtarkar, S. R., Nigam, R., Saraswat, R. & Linshy, V. N. Regeneration and abnormality in benthic foraminifer Rosalina leei: Implications in reconstructing past salinity changes. Riv. Ital. Paleontol. E Stratigr. 117(1), 189–196 (2011).
Haynert, K., Schönfeld, J., Polovodova-Asteman, I. & Thomsen, J. The benthic foraminiferal community in a naturally CO2-rich coastal habitat of the southwestern Baltic Sea. Biogeosciences 9, 4421–4440 (2012).
Google Scholar
Lee, J. J. ‘Living Sands’—Larger foraminifera and their endosymbiotic algae. Symbiosis 25, 71–100 (1997).
Google Scholar
Parker, J. Ultrastructure of the test wall in modern porcelaneous foraminifera: Implications for the classification of the Miliolida. J. Foraminifer. Res. 47, 136–174 (2017).
Google Scholar
Erez, J. The source of ions for biomineralization in foraminifera and their implications for paleoceanographic proxies. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 54, 115–149 (2003).
Google Scholar
Dissard, D., Nehrke, G., Reichart, G. J. & Bijma, J. Impact of seawater pCO2 on calcification and Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios in benthic foraminifera calcite: results from culturing experiments with Ammonia tepida. Biogeosciences 7, 81–93 (2010).
Google Scholar
McIntyre-Wressnig, A., Bernhard, J. M., Wit, J. C. & Mccorkle, D. C. Ocean acidification not likely to affect the survival and fitness of two temperate benthic foraminiferal species: Results from culture experiments. J. Foraminifer. Res. 44, 341–351 (2014).
Google Scholar
Charrieau, L. M. et al. Decalcification and survival of benthic foraminifera under the combined impacts of varying pH and salinity. Mar. Environ. Res. 138, 36–45 (2018).
Google Scholar
Saraswat, R. et al. Effect of salinity induced pH/alkalinity changes on benthic foraminifera: A laboratory culture experiment. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 153, 96–107 (2015).
Google Scholar
Buzas-Stephens, P. & Buzas, M. A. Population dynamics and dissolution of foraminifera in Nueces Bay, Texas. J. Foraminifer. Res. 35, 248–258 (2005).
Google Scholar
Cesbron, F. et al. Vertical distribution and respiration rates of benthic foraminifera: Contribution to aerobic remineralization in intertidal mudflats covered by Zostera noltei meadows. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 179, 23–38 (2016).
Google Scholar
Lee, J. J. et al. Nutritional and related experiments on laboratory maintenance of three species of symbiont-bearing, large foraminifera. Mar. Biol. 109, 417–425 (1991).
Google Scholar
Yanko, V., Arnold, A. J. & Parker, W. C. Effects of marine pollution on benthic Foraminifera. In Modern Foraminifera 217–235 (Springer Netherlands, 1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48104-9_13.
Polovodova Asteman, I. & Schönfeld, J. Foraminiferal test abnormalities in the western Baltic Sea. J. Foraminifer. Res. 38, 318–336 (2008).
Google Scholar
Boltovskoy, E. & Wright, R. The test. In Recent Foraminifera (eds. Boltovskoy, E. & Wright, R.) 51–93 (Springer Netherlands, 1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2860-7_3.
Kaczmarek, K. et al. Boron incorporation in the foraminifer Amphistegina lessonii under a decoupled carbonate chemistry. Biogeosciences 12, 1753–1763 (2015).
Google Scholar
Allen, K. et al. Controls on boron incorporation in cultured tests of the planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 309, 291–301 (2011).
Google Scholar
Allen, K., Hönisch, B., Eggins, S. & Rosenthal, Y. Environmental controls on B/Ca in calcite tests of the tropical planktic foraminifer species Globigerinoides ruber and Globigerinoides sacculifer. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. s351–352, 270–280 (2012).
Google Scholar
Howes, E. L. et al. Decoupled carbonate chemistry controls on the incorporation of boron into Orbulina universa. Biogeosciences 14, 415–430 (2017).
Google Scholar
Lea, D. W. Trace elements in foraminiferal calcite. In Modern Foraminifera 259–277 (Springer Netherlands, 2003).
Quigg, A. Micronutrients. In The Physiology of Microalgae (eds. Borowitzka, M. A., Beardall, J. & Raven, J. A.) 211–231 (Springer International Publishing, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24945-2_10.
Jennings, D. Culturing Benthic Foraminifera to Understand the Effects of Changing Seawater Chemistry and Temperature on Foraminiferal Shell Chemistry. (2015).
Van Dijk, I., De Nooijer, L. J., Barras, C. & Reichart, G.-J. Mn Incorporation in large benthic foraminifera: Differences between species and the impact of pCO2. Front. Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.567701 (2020).
Google Scholar
Raitzsch, M., Dueñas-Bohórquez, A., Reichart, G.-J., de Nooijer, L. J. & Bickert, T. Incorporation of Mg and Sr in calcite of cultured benthic foraminifera: Impact of calcium concentration and associated calcite saturation state. Biogeosciences 7, 869–881 (2010).
Google Scholar
Holzmann, M., Hohenegger, J., Hallock, P., Piller, W. E. & Pawlowski, J. Molecular phylogeny of large miliolid foraminifera (Soritacea Ehrenberg 1839). Mar. Micropaleontol. 43, 57–74 (2001).
Google Scholar
Hottinger, L., Halicz, E. & Reiss, Z. Recent Foraminiferida from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. vol. 33 (Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Dela Opera, Classis IV: Historia Naturalis, 1993).
Langer, M., Makled, W., Pietsch, S. & Weinmann, A. Asynchronous calcification in juvenile megalospheres: An ontogenetic window into the life cycle and polymorphism of Peneroplis. J. Foraminifer. Res. 39, 8–14 (2009).
Google Scholar
Dissard, D., Nehrke, G., Reichart, G.-J. & Bijma, J. The impact of salinity on the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratio in the benthic foraminifera Ammonia tepida: Results from culture experiments. Geochim. Chosmocimica Acta 74, 928–940 (2010).
Google Scholar
Schiebel, R. & Hemleben, C. Planktic Foraminifers in the Modern Ocean. (Springer, 2017).
Culberson, C. H., Pytkowicz, R. M. & Hawley, J. E. Seawater alkalinity determination by the pH method. J. Mar. Res. 28, 15–21 (1970).
Google Scholar
Dickson, A. G. & Goyet, C. DOE. Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea Water, Version 2. (eds., ORNL/CDIAC-74., 1994).
Suga, H., Sakai, S., Toyofuku, T. & Ohkouchi, N. A simplified method for determination of total alkalinity in seawater based on the small sample one-point titration method. JAMSTEC Rep. Res. Dev. 17, 23–33 (2013).
Google Scholar
Robbins, L. L., Hansen, M. E., Kleypas, J. A. & Meylan, S. C. CO2calc: A User-Friendly Seawater Carbon Calculator for Windows, Mac OS X, and iOS (iPhone): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010–1280. 17 (2010).
Lueker, T. J., Dickson, A. G. & Keeling, C. D. Ocean pCO2 calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and equations for K1 and K2: Validation based on laboratory measurements of CO2 in gas and seawater at equilibrium. Mar. Chem. 70, 105–119 (2000).
Google Scholar
Uppström, L. R. The boron/chlorinity ratio of deep-sea water from the Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr. 21, 161–162 (1974).
Google Scholar
Orr, J. C., Epitalon, J.-M. & Gattuso, J.-P. Comparison of ten packages that compute ocean carbonate chemistry. Biogeosciences 12, 1483–1510 (2015).
Google Scholar
Fontanier, C. et al. Living (stained) deep-sea foraminifera from the Sea of Marmara: A preliminary study. Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 153, 61 (2018).
Google Scholar
Gaffey, S. & Bronnimann, C. Effects of bleaching on organic and mineral phases in biogenic carbonates. J. Sediment. Res. 63, 752–754 (1993).
Google Scholar
Jochum, K. P. et al. Determination of reference values for NIST SRM 610–617 glasses following ISO guidelines. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 35, 397–429 (2011).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com