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Ocean acidification modulates material flux linked with coral calcification and photosynthesis

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Abstract

Coral reefs are essential for the foundation of marine ecosystems. However, ocean acidification (OA), driven by rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) threatens coral growth and biological homeostasis. This study examines two Hawaiian coral species—Montipora capitata and Pocillopora acuta to elevated pCO2 simulating OA. Utilizing pH and O2 microsensors under controlled light and dark conditions, this work characterized interspecific concentration boundary layer (CBL) traits and quantified material fluxes under ambient and elevated pCO2. The results of this study revealed that under increased pCO2, P. acuta showed a significant reduction in dark proton efflux, followed by an increase in light O2 flux, suggesting reduced calcification and enhanced photosynthesis. In contrast, M. capitata did not show any robust evidence of changes in either flux parameters under similar increased pCO2 conditions. Statistical analyses using linear models revealed several significant interactions among species, treatment, and light conditions, identifying physical, chemical, and biological drivers of species responses to increased pCO2. This study also presents several conceptual models that correlate the CBL dynamics measured here with calcification and metabolic processes, thereby justifying our findings. We indicate that elevated pCO2 exacerbates microchemical gradients in the CBL and may threaten calcification in vulnerable species such as P. acuta, while highlighting the resistance of M. capitata. Therefore, this study advances our understanding of how interspecific microenvironmental processes could influence coral responses to changing ocean chemistry.

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Data availability

All raw data and source code used in the analysis are publicly available and found here at https://github.com/CROH-Lab/Proton_and_oxygen_flux_concentration_boundary_layer.git.

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Acknowledgements

All corals in this study were collected under special activities permit (SAP) 2022-2023. This work was conducted at the Coral Reef Ecology Lab under Dr. Ku‘ulei Rodgers, located at the Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology, a place that has long been home to pioneering research in coral reef ecology. We stand on the shoulders of the many scientists whose foundational work in this lab has shaped our understanding of coral reefs, and we are especially grateful for the mentorship, resources, and knowledge that continue to be shared so generously by this community. Also, those associated with this work respect and recognize the connection shared between the Hawaiian culture with coral reefs surrounding the islands, and hope that findings here contribute to the preservation of these ecosystems in malama ʻāina for those who depend on them. We would also like to thank Tim Woolston and Raj Shingadia, at My Reef Creations® for custom design and development of the flume aquaria that made this study possible.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Science Foundation award #OCE-2049406.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Harte Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA

    David A. Armstrong & Keisha D. Bahr

  2. Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Kāneʻohe, HI, USA

    Conall McNicholl

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  1. David A. Armstrong
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  2. Conall McNicholl
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  3. Keisha D. Bahr
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Author David A. Armstrong conducted experiments, data analysis, writing, interpretation, and figure design. Author Conall McNicholl assisted in the experimental design, data collection, intellectual guidance, and manuscript editing. Author Keisha D. Bahr assisted in experimental design, funding acquisition, and manuscript editing.

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Armstrong, D.A., McNicholl, C. & Bahr, K.D. Ocean acidification modulates material flux linked with coral calcification and photosynthesis.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-30818-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-30818-4

Keywords

  • pCO2
  • Aragonite saturation state (Ω)

  • Montipora capitata

  • Pocillopora acuta
  • Carbonate chemistry
  • Concentration boundary layer
  • Microsensors

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