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Pollen morphology of three invasive Impatiens species in Europe under varying habitat conditions—a case study from Poland

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Abstract

The effect of the habitat conditions on the pollen features of invasive species has not been studied so far, and may affect the quality of their generative reproduction and contribute to the development of more effective methods of their control. Three species invasive in Europe and Poland were selected for the study – Impatiens parviflora DC., Impatiens glandulifera Royle and Impatiens capensis Meerb. The morphology and intraspecific variability of pollen grains in three Impatiens species growing under different habitat conditions were examined. Specimens were sampled from 198 sites throughout Poland, covering 10 ecologically distinct habitat types. In total, 5940 pollen grains were analysed in respect to the length of the polar axis (P), equatorial diameter (E), exine thickness (Exp), P/E, Exp/P ratios, and exine ornamentation and ectocolpi arrangement. Our research showed that the three studied species can be distinguished based on their palynomorphology. The most important traits were: exine ornamentation and ectocolpi arrangement, pollen size (P, E) and exine thickness (Exp). A relationship between the habitat conditions prevailing in the analysed habitats and the pollen grain characteristics was found, especially in I. glandulifera. In this species pollen size (P, E) increases in the optimal habitat conditions such as edges of reservoirs and watercourses, and decreases in the suboptimal habitat conditions such as anthropogenic habitats. A similar pattern is observed in I. parviflora, where optimal habitats such as mesic mixed coniferous forest favour larger pollen grains, whereas suboptimal habitats like swamp forest are associated with reduced pollen size. In I. capensis, optimal conditions also correspond to edges of watercourses, while suboptimal conditions include swamp forest. Additionally, exine thickness (Exp) may represent an adaptive trait, reflecting plant response to growth and development in unfavorable environments.

Data availability

Data concerning pollen grain measurements will be made available by the corresponding author, whereas the remaining data are included in the manuscript and the supplementary materials.

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Funding

The publication was financed by the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education as part of the Strategy of the Poznań University of Life Sciences for 2024–2026 in the field of improving scientific research and development work in priority research areas and co-financed by the Minister of Science under the “Regional Excellence Initiative” Program for 2024–2027 (RID/SP/0045/2024/01) and statutory funds of the Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Poland.

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  1. Department of Botany and Forest Habitats, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71d, 60-625, Poznań, Poland

    Dorota Wrońska-Pilarek, Kacper Lechowicz & Blanka Wiatrowska

  2. Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637, Poznań, Poland

    Konrad Banaś

  3. Department of Environmental Ecology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Adama Mickiewicza 16, 70-383, Szczecin, Poland

    Monika Myśliwy

  4. Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland

    Barbara Tokarska-Guzik

  5. Wigry National Park, Krzywe 82, 16-402, Suwałki, Poland

    Lech Krzysztofiak

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  1. Dorota Wrońska-Pilarek
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Contributions

DWP: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. KL: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Investigation, Visualization, Data curation. KB: Writing – original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Formal analysis, Data curation. MM: Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Data curation. BT-G: Investigation, Writing – original draft, Data curation. LK: Data curation. B.W: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation.

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Dorota Wrońska-Pilarek.

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Wrońska-Pilarek, D., Lechowicz, K., Banaś, K. et al. Pollen morphology of three invasive Impatiens species in Europe under varying habitat conditions—a case study from Poland.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32427-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32427-7

Keywords


  • Impatiens parviflora

  • I. glandulifera

  • I. capensis
  • Invasive alien species
  • Pollen morphology
  • Pollen size
  • P/E
  • Habitat conditions

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