Caughley, G. Directions in conservation biology. J. Anim. Ecol. 63, 215 (1994).
Google Scholar
Fisheries and Oceans Canada. National recovery strategy for northern and southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Canada [proposed]. vol. Species at (2018).
National Marine Fisheries Service. Recovery Plan for Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca). (2008).
Barrett-Lennard, L. G. & Ellis, G. M. Population Structure and Genetic Variability in Northeastern Pacific Killer Whales: Towards an Assessment of Population Viability. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Secr. Res. Deocument 2001/065 65 (2001).
DFO. Evaluation of the scientific evidence to inform the probability of effectiveness of mitigation measures in reducing shipping-related noise levels received by southern resident killer whales. CSAS Science Advisory Report vol. 2017/041 (2017).
Ross, P. S., Ellis, G. M., Ikonomou, M. G. & Addison, R. F. High PCB concentrations in free-ranging Pacific Killer Whales, Orcinus orca: Effects of age, sex and dietary preference. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40, 504–515 (2000).
Google Scholar
Ward, E. J., Holmes, E. E. & Balcomb, K. C. Quantifying the effects of prey abundance on killer whale reproduction. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 632–640 (2009).
Google Scholar
Ford, J. K. B., Ellis, G. M., Olesiuk, P. F. & Balcomb, K. C. Linking killer whale survival and prey abundance: Food limitation in the oceans’ apex predator ?. Biol. Lett. 6, 139–142 (2010).
Google Scholar
Ford, J. K. B. et al. Dietary specialization in two sympatric populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in coastal British Columbia and adjacent waters. Can. J. Zool. 76, 1456–1471 (1998).
Google Scholar
Ford, J. K. B., Ellis, G. M. & Olesiuk, P. F. Linking Prey and Population Dynamics Did Food Limitation Cause Recent Declines of RKW in BC, vol. 3848 (2005).
O’Neill, S. M., Ylitalo, G. M. & West, J. E. Energy content of Pacific salmon as prey of northern and southern resident killer whales. Endanger. Species Res. 25, 265–281 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ford, J. K. B. & Ellis, G. M. Selective foraging by fish-eating killer whales Orcinus orca in British Columbia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 316, 185–199 (2006).
Google Scholar
Jeffrey, K. M., Côté, I. M., Irvine, J. R. & Reynolds, J. D. Changes in body size of Canadian Pacific salmon over six decades. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 74, 191–201 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ohlberger, J., Schindler, D. E., Ward, E. J., Walsworth, T. E. & Essington, T. E. Resurgence of an apex marine predator and the decline in prey body size. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910930116 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ohlberger, J., Ward, E. J., Schindler, D. E. & Lewis, B. Demographic changes in Chinook salmon across the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Fish Fish. 19, 533–546 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bigler, B. S., Welch, D. W. & Helle, J. H. A review of size trends among North Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53, 455–465 (2011).
Google Scholar
Hanson, M. B. et al. Species and stock identification of prey consumed by endangered southern resident killer whales in their summer range. Endanger. Species Res. 11, 69–82 (2010).
Google Scholar
Losee, J. P., Kendall, N. W. & Dufault, A. Changing salmon: An analysis of body mass, abundance, survival, and productivity trends across 45 years in Puget Sound. Fish Fish. 20, 934–951 (2019).
Google Scholar
Riddell, B. et al. Assessment of Status and Factors for Decline of Southern BC Chinook Salmon: Independent Panel’s Report (2013).
DFO. Integrated Biological Status of Southern British Columbia Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Under the Wild Salmon Policy. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Sci. Advis. Rep. 2016/042, 15 (2016).
COSEWIC. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Designatable Units in Southern British Columbia, in Canada. (2019).
Pacific Salmon Commission Joint Chinook Technical Committee. Annual Report of Catch and Escapement for 2021. Tcchinook (13)-01 (2021).
Quinn, T. P. Behavior and ecology of Pacific Salmon and trout. Fish Fish. 7, 75–76 (2004).
Brett, J. R. Energetics. In Phsyiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon (eds Groot, C. et al.) 1–68 (UBC Press, 1995).
Chamberlain, M. W. & Parken, C. Utilizing the Albion test fishery as an in-season predictor of run size of the Fraser River spring and summer age 52 Chinook. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2012, 42 (2012).
Schoener, T. W. Theory of feeding strategies. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 2, 369–404 (1971).
Google Scholar
Williams, R. et al. Competing conservation objectives for predators and prey: Estimating Killer Whale prey requirements for Chinook Salmon. PLoS ONE 6, e26738 (2011).
Google Scholar
Courtney, K. R., Falke, J. A., Cox, M. K. & Nichols, J. Energetic status of Alaskan Chinook Salmon: Interpopulation comparisons and predictive modeling using bioelectrical impedance analysis. North Am. J. Fish. Manag. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10398 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pothoven, S. A. et al. Reliability of bioelectrical impedance analysis for estimating whole-fish energy density and percent lipids. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 137, 1519–1529 (2008).
Google Scholar
Crossin, G. T. & Hinch, S. G. A Nonlethal, rapid method for assessing the somatic energy content of migrating adult pacific salmon. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 134, 184–191 (2005).
Google Scholar
Colt, J. & Shearer, K. D. Evaluation of the Use of the Torry Fish Fatmeter to Non-Lethally Estimate Lipid in Adult Salmon (2001).
Hanson, K. C., Ostrand, K. G., Gannam, A. L. & Ostrand, S. L. Comparison and validation of nonlethal techniques for estimating condition in Juvenile Salmonids. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 139, 1733–1741 (2010).
Google Scholar
Naughton, G., Caudill, C. & Clabough, T. Migration Behavior and Spawning Success of Spring Chinook Salmon in Fall Creek and the North Fork Middle Fork Willamette River: Relationship Among Fate, Fish Condition, and Environmental Factors, 2011. (2012).
Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane Stanley, G. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497–509 (1957).
Google Scholar
Post, J. R. & Parkinson, E. A. Energy allocation strategy in young fish: Allometry and survival. Ecology 82, 1040–1051 (2001).
Google Scholar
Arrington, D. A., Davidson, B. K., Winemiller, K. O. & Layman, C. A. Influence of life history and seasonal hydrology on lipid storage in three neotropical fish species. J. Fish Biol. 68, 1347–1361 (2006).
Google Scholar
Holty, B. L. & Ciruna, K. A. Conservation units for Pacific Salmon under the Wild Salmon Policy. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc 2007/070, 350 (2007).
PSC. Catch and Escapement of Chinook Under Pacific Salmon Commission Jurisdiction, 2001 (PSC, 2002).
Waples, R. S., Teel, D. J., Myers, J. M. & Marshall, A. R. Life-history divergence in Chinook Salmon: Historic contingency and parallel evolution. Evolution 58, 386–403 (2004).
Google Scholar
Beacham, T. D. et al. Pacific rim population structure of chinook salmon as determined from microsatellite analysis. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 135, 1604–1621 (2006).
Google Scholar
Crossin, G. T. et al. Energetics and morphology of sockeye salmon: Effects of upriver migratory distance and elevation. J. Fish Biol. 65, 788–810 (2004).
Google Scholar
MacDonald, B. In-Season Forecasting of Fraser Chinook Salmon Using Genetic Stock Identification of Test Fishery Data By (2016).
Parken, C. K., Candy, J. R., Irvine, J. R. & Beacham, T. D. Genetic and coded wire tag results combine to allow more-precise management of a complex Chinook salmon aggregate. North Am. J. Fish. Manag. 28, 328–340 (2008).
Google Scholar
Mann, R., Peery, C., Pinson, A. & Anderson, C. Energy use, migration times, and spawning success of adult spring–summer Chinook salmon returning to spawning areas in the South Fork Salmon River in Central Idaho: 2002–2007. Technical report 2009–4 http://www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/pdfreports/SFS_Tech_Report_2009-4_Final.pdf (2009).
Hearsey, J. W. & Kinziger, A. P. Diversity in sympatric chinook salmon runs: Timing, relative fat content and maturation. Environ. Biol. Fishes 98, 413–423 (2015).
Google Scholar
Arimitsu, M. L. et al. Heatwave-induced synchrony within forage fish portfolio disrupts energy flow to top pelagic predators. Glob. Chang. Biol. 27, 1859–1878 (2021).
Google Scholar
Lloret-Lloret, E. et al. Small pelagic fish fitness relates to local environmental conditions and trophic variables. Prog. Oceanogr. 202, 102745 (2022).
Google Scholar
Mesa, M. G. & Magie, C. D. Evaluation of energy expenditure in adult spring Chinook salmon migrating upstream in the Columbia River Basin: An assessment based on sequential proximate analysis. River Res. Appl. 22, 1085–1095 (2006).
Google Scholar
Crossin, G. T., Hinch, S. G., Farrell, A. P., Higgs, D. A. & Healey, M. C. Somatic energy of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka at the onset of upriver migration: A comparison among ocean climate regimes. Fish. Oceanogr. 13, 345–349 (2004).
Google Scholar
Roni, P. & Quinn, T. P. Geographic variation in size and age of North American Chinook salmon. North Am. J. Fish. Manag. 15, 325–345 (1995).
Google Scholar
Hendry, A. P., Berg, O. K., Quinn, T. P. & Condition, T. P. Condition dependence and adaptation-by-time: Breeding date, life history, and energy allocation within a population of salmon. Oikos 85, 499–514 (1999).
Google Scholar
Hanson, M. B. et al. Endangered predators and endangered prey: Seasonal diet of Southern Resident killer whales. PLoS ONE 16, e0247031 (2021).
Google Scholar
Weitkamp, L. A. Marine distributions of Chinook Salmon from the West Coast of North America determined by coded wire tag recoveries. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 139, 147–170 (2010).
Google Scholar
Shields, M. W., Lindell, J. & Woodruff, J. Declining spring usage of core habitat by endangered fish-eating killer whales reflects decreased availability of their primary prey. Pac. Conserv. Biol. 24, 189–193 (2018).
Google Scholar
Brown, G. S. et al. Pre-COSEWIC review of southern British Columbia Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) conservation units Part I: Background. Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2019/11, 67 (2019).
NOAA Fisheries West Coast & Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Southern Resident Killer Whale Priority Chinook Stocks Report. https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/protected_species/marine_mammals/killer_whales/recovery/srkw_priority_chinook_stocks_conceptual_model_report___list_22june2018.pdf (2018).
Chalifour, L. et al. Chinook salmon exhibit long-term rearing and early marine growth in the fraser river, british columbia, a large urban estuary. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 78, 539–550 (2021).
Google Scholar
Lamperth, J. S., Quinn, T. P. & Zimmerman, M. S. Levels of stored energy but not marine foraging patterns differentiate seasonal ecotypes of wild and hatchery steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) returning to the Kalama river, Washington. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 74, 157–167 (2017).
Google Scholar
Von Biela, V. R. et al. Extreme reduction in nutritional value of a key forage fish during the pacific marine heatwave of 2014–2016. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 613, 171–182 (2019).
Google Scholar
Healey, M. C. Life history of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). In Pacific Salmon Life Histories (eds Groot, C. & Margolis, L.) 313–393 (University of British Columbia Press, 1991).
Freshwater, C. et al. An integrated model of seasonal changes in stock composition and abundance with an application to Chinook salmon. PeerJ 9, 1–27 (2021).
Google Scholar
Couture, F., Oldford, G., Christensen, V., Barrett-lennard, L. & Walters, C. Requirements and availability of prey for northeastern pacific southern resident killer whales. PLoS ONE 17, e0270523 (2022).
Google Scholar
DFO. Government of Canada Takes Action to Address Fraser River Chinook Decline (DFO, 2019).
Brown, R. F. & Musgrave, M. M. Preliminary Catalogue of Salmon Steams and Escapements of Misson-Harrison Sub District. Fisheries and Marine Service Data Report No. 133 (1979).
Manzon, C. I. & Marshall, D. E. Catalogue of salmon streams and spawning escapements of Cariboo subdistrict. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 211, 51 (1980).
Marshall, D. E. & Manzon, C. I. Catalogue of Salmon Streams and Spawning Escapements of the Prince George Subdistrict (Department of Fisheries and Oceans Fisheries and Marine Services Data Report N0o. 79, 1980).
Olmsted, W., Whelen, M. & Stewart, R. 1980 Investigations of fall-spawning chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), Quesnel, blackwater (west road) and cottonwood river drainages, B.C. 34, 131–134 (1981).
Brown, R. F., Musgrave, M. M. & Marshall, D. E. Catalogue of salmon streams and spawning escapements for Kamloops sub-district. Fish. Mar. Serv. Data Rep. 151, 226 (1979).
DFO. Information Document to Assist Development of a Fraser Chinook Management Plan 56 (DFO, 2006).
Kosakoski, G. T. & Hamilton, R. E. Water Requirements for the Fisheries Resource of the Nicola River, B.C. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 140 (1982).
Source: Ecology - nature.com