Philippa Kaur

1.Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Phillips, O. L. & Jackson, R. B. The structure, distribution, and biomass of the world’s forests. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 44, 593–622 (2013).
Google Scholar 
2.UN FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015: How Are the World’s Forests Changing? (FAO Interdepartmental Working Group, 2016).3.Douglas, I. in Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene (eds Dellasala, D. A. & Goldstein, M. I.) 185–197 (Elsevier, 2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809665-9.09206-54.Hassan, R., Scholes, R. & Ash, N. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends (Island Press, 2005).5.Giri, C. et al. Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 20, 154–159 (2011).
Google Scholar 
6.Sievers, M. et al. The role of vegetated coastal wetlands for marine megafauna conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 807–817 (2019).
Google Scholar 
7.Houghton, R. A. The annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use 1850–1990. Tellus B 51, 298–313 (1999).
Google Scholar 
8.Giam, X. Global biodiversity loss from tropical deforestation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 5775–5777 (2017).CAS 

Google Scholar 
9.D’Almeida, C. et al. The effects of deforestation on the hydrological cycle in Amazonia: a review on scale and resolution. Int. J. Climatol. 27, 633–647 (2007).
Google Scholar 
10.Laurance, W. F. et al. Ecosystem decay of amazonian forest fragments: a 22-year investigation. Conserv. Biol. 16, 605–618 (2002).
Google Scholar 
11.Qin, Y. et al. Improved estimates of forest cover and loss in the Brazilian Amazon in 2000–2017. Nat. Sustain. 2, 764–772 (2019).
Google Scholar 
12.Take action to stop Amazon burning. Nature 573, 163 (2019)13.Karstensen, J., Peters, G. P. & Andrew, R. M. Attribution of CO2 emissions from Brazilian deforestation to consumers between 1990 and 2010. Environ. Res. Lett. 8, 024005 (2013).
Google Scholar 
14.Godar, J., Tizado, E. J. & Pokorny, B. Who is responsible for deforestation in the Amazon? A spatially explicit analysis along the Transamazon Highway in Brazil. For. Ecol. Manag. 267, 58–73 (2012).
Google Scholar 
15.Seymour, F. & Harris, N. L. Reducing tropical deforestation. Science 365, 756 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
16.de Area Leão Pereira, E. J., de Santana Ribeiro, L. C., da Silva Freitas, L. F. & de Barros Pereira, H. B. Brazilian policy and agribusiness damage the Amazon rainforest. Land Use Policy 92, 104491 (2020).
Google Scholar 
17.Escobar, H. Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon is still rising sharply. Science 369, 613 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
18.Pendrill, F. et al. Agricultural and forestry trade drives large share of tropical deforestation emissions. Glob. Environ. Change 56, 1–10 (2019).
Google Scholar 
19.Pendrill, F., Persson, U. M., Godar, J. & Kastner, T. Deforestation displaced: trade in forest-risk commodities and the prospects for a global forest transition. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 055003 (2019).
Google Scholar 
20.Hosonuma, N. et al. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries. Environ. Res. Lett. 7, 044009 (2012).
Google Scholar 
21.Jha, S. & Bawa, K. S. Population growth, human development, and deforestation in biodiversity hotspots. Conserv. Biol. 20, 906–912 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
22.DeFries, R. S., Rudel, T., Uriarte, M. & Hansen, M. Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century. Nat. Geosci. 3, 178–181 (2010).CAS 

Google Scholar 
23.Gibbs, H. K. et al. Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 16732–16737 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
24.Henders, S., Persson, U. M. & Kastner, T. Trading forests: land-use change and carbon emissions embodied in production and exports of forest-risk commodities. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 125012 (2015).
Google Scholar 
25.Lambin, E. F. et al. The role of supply-chain initiatives in reducing deforestation. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 109–116 (2018).
Google Scholar 
26.Curtis, P. G., Slay, C. M., Harris, N. L., Tyukavina, A. & Hansen, M. C. Classifying drivers of global forest loss. Science 361, 1108–1111 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
27.Chen, C. et al. China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management. Nat. Sustain. 2, 122–129 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
28.Saikku, L., Soimakallio, S. & Pingoud, K. Attributing land-use change carbon emissions to exported biomass. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 37, 47–54 (2012).
Google Scholar 
29.Beckman, J., Sands, R. D., Riddle, A. A., Lee, T. & Walloga, J. M. International Trade and Deforestation: Potential Policy Effects via a Global Economic Model (USDA, 2017); https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/uersrr/262185.html30.Cuypers, D. et al. The Impact of EU Consumption on Deforestation: Comprehensive Analysis of the Impact of EU consumption on Deforestation (European Commission, 2013).31.Zhang, Q. et al. Global timber harvest footprints of nations and virtual timber trade flows. J. Clean. Prod. 250, 119503 (2020).
Google Scholar 
32.Hansen, M. C. et al. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342, 850–853 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
33.Lenzen, M., Kanemoto, K., Moran, D. & Geschke, A. Mapping the structure of the world economy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 8374–8381 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
34.Lenzen, M., Moran, D., Kanemoto, K. & Geschke, A. Building Eora: a global multi-region input–output database at high country and sector resolution. Econ. Syst. Res. 25, 20–49 (2013).
Google Scholar 
35.Chazdon, R. L. et al. When is a forest a forest? Forest concepts and definitions in the era of forest and landscape restoration. Ambio 45, 538–550 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
36.Tropek, R. et al. Comment on ‘High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change’. Science 344, 981 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
37.Moran, D. & Kanemoto, K. Identifying species threat hotspots from global supply chains. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 0023 (2017).
Google Scholar 
38.Forest Fact Book 2017–2018 (Government of Canada Publications, 2017).39.Crowther, T. W. et al. Mapping tree density at a global scale. Nature 525, 201–205 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
40.Ericsson, K. & Werner, S. The introduction and expansion of biomass use in Swedish district heating systems. Biomass. Bioenergy 94, 57–65 (2016).
Google Scholar 
41.Kennedy, C. & Southwood, T. The number of species of insects associated with British trees: a re-analysis. J. Anim. Ecol. 53, 455–478 (1984).
Google Scholar 
42.Braun, A. C. H. et al. Assessing the impact of plantation forestry on plant biodiversity: a comparison of sites in Central Chile and Chilean Patagonia. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 10, 159–172 (2017).
Google Scholar 
43.Kang, D., Wang, X., Li, S. & Li, J. Comparing the plant diversity between artificial forest and nature growth forest in a giant panda habitat. Sci. Rep. 7, 3561 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
44.Gamfeldt, L. et al. Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species. Nat. Commun. 4, 1340 (2013).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
45.Erwin, T. L. Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species. Coleopt. Bull. 36, 74–75 (1982).
Google Scholar 
46.Gibson, L. et al. Primary forests are irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity. Nature 478, 378–381 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
47.Dirzo, R. & Raven, P. H. Global state of biodiversity and loss. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 28, 137–167 (2003).
Google Scholar 
48.Bradford, M. & Murphy, H. T. The importance of large-diameter trees in the wet tropical rainforests of Australia. PLoS ONE 14, e0208377 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
49.Lenzen, M. et al. International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations. Nature 486, 109–112 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
50.Chaudhary, A. & Kastner, T. Land use biodiversity impacts embodied in international food trade. Glob. Environ. Change 38, 195–204 (2016).
Google Scholar 
51.Wilting, H. C., Schipper, A. M., Bakkenes, M., Meijer, J. R. & Huijbregts, M. A. J. Quantifying biodiversity losses due to human consumption: a global-scale footprint analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 3298–3306 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
52.Weinzettel, J., Vačkář, D. & Medková, H. Human footprint in biodiversity hotspots. Front. Ecol. Environ. 16, 447–452 (2018).
Google Scholar 
53.Marques, A. et al. Increasing impacts of land use on biodiversity and carbon sequestration driven by population and economic growth. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 628–637 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
54.Godar, J., Persson, U. M., Tizado, E. J. & Meyfroidt, P. Towards more accurate and policy relevant footprint analyses: tracing fine-scale socio-environmental impacts of production to consumption. Ecol. Econ. 112, 25–35 (2015).
Google Scholar 
55.Furumo, P. R. & Lambin, E. F. Scaling up zero-deforestation initiatives through public-private partnerships: a look inside post-conflict Colombia. Glob. Environ. Change 62, 102055 (2020).
Google Scholar 
56.Garrett, R. D. et al. Criteria for effective zero-deforestation commitments. Glob. Environ. Change 54, 135–147 (2019).
Google Scholar 
57.Blackman, A., Goff, L. & Rivera Planter, M. Does eco-certification stem tropical deforestation? Forest stewardship council certification in mexico. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 89, 306–333 (2018).
Google Scholar 
58.Protecting and Restoring Forests: A Story of Large Commitments yet Limited Progress. New York Declaration on Forests Five-Year Assessment Report (NYDF Assessment Partners, 2019).59.Meijer, K. S. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of four supply chain initiatives to reduce deforestation. Trop. Conserv. Sci. 8, 583–597 (2015).
Google Scholar 
60.Carvalho, W. D. et al. Deforestation control in the brazilian amazon: a conservation struggle being lost as agreements and regulations are subverted and bypassed. Perspect. Ecol. Conserv. 17, 122–130 (2019).
Google Scholar 
61.Green, J. M. H. et al. Linking global drivers of agricultural trade to on-the-ground impacts on biodiversity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 23202–23208 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
62.Nolte, C., le Polain de Waroux, Y., Munger, J., Reis, T. N. P. & Lambin, E. F. Conditions influencing the adoption of effective anti-deforestation policies in South America’s commodity frontiers. Glob. Environ. Change 43, 1–14 (2017).
Google Scholar 
63.Godar, J., Gardner, T. A., Tizado, E. J. & Pacheco, P. Actor-specific contributions to the deforestation slowdown in the Brazilian Amazon. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 15591–15596 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
64.Alix-Garcia, J. M., Sims, K. R. E. & Yañez-Pagans, P. Only one tree from each seed? Environmental effectiveness and poverty alleviation in Mexico’s payments for ecosystem services program. Am. Econ. J.: Econ. Policy 7, 1–40 (2015).
Google Scholar 
65.Alix-Garcia, J. M. et al. Payments for environmental services supported social capital while increasing land management. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 7016–7021 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
66.Börner, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Dev. 96, 359–374 (2017).
Google Scholar 
67.Jayachandran, S. et al. Cash for carbon: a randomized trial of payments for ecosystem services to reduce deforestation. Science 357, 267–273 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
68.Annual Review 2017 (PEFC, 2017).69.Higgins, V. & Richards, C. Framing sustainability: alternative standards schemes for sustainable palm oil and South–South trade. J. Rural Stud. 65, 126–134 (2019).
Google Scholar 
70.Gibbs, H. K. et al. Brazil’s soy moratorium. Science 347, 377–378 (2015).CAS 

Google Scholar 
71.World Countries (ArcGIS, 2020); https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=d974d9c6bc924ae0a2ffea0a46d71e3d72.Hansen, M. et al. Response to comment on ‘High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change’. Science 344, 981 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
73.Kanemoto, K., Lenzen, M., Peters, G. P., Moran, D. D. & Geschke, A. Frameworks for comparing emissions associated with production, consumption, and international trade. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 172–179 (2012).CAS 

Google Scholar 
74.Moran, D. & Kanemoto, K. Tracing global supply chains to air pollution hotspots. Environ. Res. Lett. 11, 094017 (2016).
Google Scholar 
75.Kanemoto, K., Moran, D. & Hertwich, E. G. Mapping the carbon footprint of nations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 10512–10517 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
76.Yang, Y. et al. Mapping global carbon footprint in China. Nat. Commun. 11, 2237 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
77.Sun, Z., Scherer, L., Tukker, A. & Behrens, P. Linking global crop and livestock consumption to local production hotspots. Glob. Food Sec. 25, 100323 (2020).
Google Scholar 
78.Global Forest Resource Assessment 2000 FAO Forestry Paper 140 (FAO, 2001).79.Sasaki, N. & Putz, F. E. Critical need for new definitions of ‘forest’ and ‘forest degradation’ in global climate change agreements. Conserv. Lett. 2, 226–232 (2009).
Google Scholar 
80.Ceccherini, G. et al. Abrupt increase in harvested forest area over Europe after 2015. Nature 583, 72–77 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
81.Lenzen, M. et al. The Global MRIO Lab – charting the world economy. Econ. Syst. Res. 29, 158–186 (2017).
Google Scholar 
82.Moran, D., Giljum, S., Kanemoto, K. & Godar, J. From satellite to supply chain: new approaches connect earth observation to economic decisions. One Earth 3, 5–8 (2020).
Google Scholar 
83.You, L., Wood, S., Wood-Sichra, U. & Wu, W. Generating global crop distribution maps: from census to grid. Agric. Syst. 127, 53–60 (2014).
Google Scholar  More

1.Lavergne, S., Mouquet, N., Thuiller, W. & Ronce, O. Biodiversity and climate change: integrating evolutionary and ecological responses of species and communities. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 41, 321–350 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
2.Ricklefs, R. E. Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes. Science 235, 167–171 (1987).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Wiens, J. J. & Graham, C. H. Niche conservatism: integrating evolution, ecology, and conservation biology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 36, 519–539 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Münkemüller, T., Boucher, F., Thuiller, W. & Lavergne, S. Common conceptual and methodological pitfalls in the analysis of phylogenetic niche conservatism. Funct. Ecol. 29, 627–639 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Behrensmeyer, A. K. et al. (eds) Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time: Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1992).6.Graham, A. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic History of North American Vegetation North of Mexico (Oxford Univ. Press, 1999).7.Latham, R. E. & Ricklefs, R. E. in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities (eds Ricklefs, R. E. & Schluter, D.) 294–314 (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1993).8.Zanne, A. E. et al. Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments. Nature 506, 89–92 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Wiens, J. J. & Donoghue, M. J. Historical biogeography, ecology, and species richness. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19, 639–644 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Ricklefs, R. E. Evolutionary diversification and the origin of the diversity–environment relationship. Ecology 87, S3–S13 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Qian, H. & Sandel, B. Phylogenetic structure of regional angiosperm assemblages across latitudinal and climatic gradients in North America. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 26, 1258–1269 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Körner, C. Why are there global gradients in species richness? Mountains might hold the answer. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 513–514 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Pulsipher, L. M. & Pulsipher, A. World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives 6th edn (W.H. Freeman, 2014).14.Culmsee, H. & Leuschner, C. Consistent patterns of elevational change in tree taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity across Malesian mountain forests. J. Biogeogr. 40, 1997–2010 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
15.González-Caro, S., Umaña, M. N., Álvarez, E., Stevenson, P. R. & Swenson, N. G. Phylogenetic alpha and beta diversity in tropical tree assemblages along regional scale environmental gradients in northwest South America. J. Plant Ecol. 7, 145–153 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Qian, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J. & Wang, X. Latitudinal gradients in phylogenetic relatedness of angiosperm trees in North America. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 22, 1183–1191 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Qian, H., Field, R., Zhang, J., Zhang, J. & Chen, S. Phylogenetic structure and ecological and evolutionary determinants of species richness for angiosperm trees in forest communities in China. J. Biogeogr. 43, 603–615 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
18.Qian, H. & Ricklefs, R. E. Out of the tropical lowlands: latitude versus elevation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 738–741 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Smith, S. A. & Brown, J. W. Constructing a broadly inclusive seed plant phylogeny. Am. J. Bot. 105, 302–314 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Jin, Y. & Qian, H. V.PhyloMaker: an R package that can generate very large phylogenies for vascular plants. Ecography https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.04434 (2019).21.Mazel, F. et al. Influence of tree shape and evolutionary time-scale on phylogenetic diversity metrics. Ecography 39, 913–920 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Thuiller, W. et al. Resolving Darwin’s naturalization conundrum: a quest for evidence. Divers. Distrib. 16, 461–475 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Körner, C. Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems 2nd edn (Springer, 2003).24.Mayfield, M. M. & Levine, J. M. Opposing effects of competitive exclusion on the phylogenetic structure of communities. Ecol. Lett. 13, 1085–1093 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Gallien, L., Zurell, D. & Zimmermann, N. E. Frequency and intensity of facilitation reveal opposing patterns along a stress gradient. Ecol. Evol. 8, 2171–2181 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
26.Choler, P., Michalet, R. & Callaway, R. M. Facilitation and competition on gradients in alpine plant communities. Ecology 82, 3295–3308 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Butterfield, B. J. et al. Alpine cushion plants inhibit the loss of phylogenetic diversity in severe environments. Ecol. Lett. 16, 478–486 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
28.Steinbauer et al. Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 25, 1097–1107 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Takhtajan, A. L. Flowering Plants: Origin and Dispersal (Oliver & Boyd, 1969).30.Ghalambor, C. K., Huey, R. B., Martin, P. R., Tewksbury, J. J. & Wang, G. Are mountain passes higher in the tropics? Janzen’s hypothesis revisited. Integr. Comp. Biol. 46, 5–17 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Heald, W. Sky Island (D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1967).32.Marx, H. E. et al. Riders in the sky (islands): using a mega-phylogenetic approach to understand plant species distribution and coexistence at the altitudinal limits of angiosperm plant life. J. Biogeogr. 44, 2618–2630 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
33.Humboldt, A. V. & Bonpland, A. Essai sur la Géographie des Plantes: Accompagné d’un Tableau Physique des Régions Équinoxiales (Arno Press, 1977).34.Qian, H., White, P. S., Klinka, K. & Chourmouzis, C. Phytogeographical and community similarities of alpine tundras of Changbaishan Summit, China, and Indian Peaks, USA. J. Veg. Sci. 10, 869–882 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Körner, C., Paulsen, J. & Spehn, E. M. A definition of mountains and their bioclimatic belts for global comparisons of biodiversity data. Alp. Bot. 121, 73–78 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Chapin, F. S. III & Körner, C. in Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes and Ecosystem Consequences (eds Chapin, F. S. III & Körner, C.) 313–320 (Springer, 1995).37.Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181, 1–20 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Webb, C., Ackerly, D. & Kembel, S. Phylocom: Software for the analysis of phylogenetic community structure and character evolution, with Phylomatic. R package version 4.2 (2011).39.Qian, H. & Jin, Y. Are phylogenies resolved at the genus level appropriate for studies on phylogenetic structure of species assemblages? Plant Divers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2020.11.005 (2021).40.Faith, D. P. Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biol. Conserv. 61, 1–10 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Webb, C. O., Ackerly, D. D., McPeek, M. A. & Donoghue, M. J. Phylogenies and community ecology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33, 475–505 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Tsirogiannis, C., Sandel, B. & Cheliotis, D. Efficient computation of popular phylogenetic tree measures. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 7534, 30–43 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Tsirogiannis, C., Sandel, B. & Kalvisa, A. New algorithms for computing phylogenetic biodiversity. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 8701, 187–203 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
44.Tsirogiannis, C. & Sandel, B. PhyloMeasures: a package for computing phylogenetic biodiversity measures and their statistical moments. Ecography 39, 709–714 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar  More

1.Rippeyoung, P. L. F. & Noonan, M. C. The economic costs of breastfeeding for women. Breastfeed Med. 6(5), 325–327 (2011).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
2.Gloneková, M., Vymyslická, P. J., Žáčková, M. & Brandlová, K. Giraffe nursing behaviour reflects environmental conditions. Behaviour 154, 115–129 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Hejcmanová, P. et al. Suckling behaviour of eland antelopes (Taurotragus spp.) under semi-captive and farm conditions. J. Ethol. 29, 161–168 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Clutton-Brock, T. H. The Evolution of Parental Care (Princeton University Press, 1991).
Google Scholar 
5.Gittleman, J. L. & Thompson, S. D. Energy allocation in mammalian reproduction. Am. Zool. 28, 863–875 (1988).Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Arnold, L. C., Habe, M., Troxler, J., Nowack, J. & Vetter, S. G. Rapid establishment of teat order and allonursing in wild boar (Sus scrofa). Ethology 125, 940–948 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Pluháček, J., Olléová, M., Bartošová, J. & Bartoš, L. Effect of ecological adaptation on suckling behaviour in three zebra species. Behaviour 149(13–14), 1395–1411 (2012).
Google Scholar 
8.Pluháček, J., Olléová, M., Bartoš, L. & Bartošová, J. Time spent suckling is affected by different social organization in three zebra species. J. Zool. 292, 10–17 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Packer, C., Lewis, S. & Pusey, A. A comparative analysis of non-offspring nursing. Anim. Behav. 43, 265–281 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Gloneková, M., Brandlová, K. & Pluháček, J. Higher maternal care and tolerance in more experienced giraffe mothers. Acta Ethol. 23, 1–7 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
11.MacLeod, K., Nielsen, J. F. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. Factors predicting the frequency, likelihood and duration of allonursing in the cooperatively breeding meerkat. Anim. Behav. 86, 1059–1067 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
12König, B. Cooperative care of young in mammals. Naturwissenschaften 84, 489–497 (1997).
Google Scholar 
13.Roulin, A. Why do lactating females nurse alien offspring? A review of hypotheses and empirical evidence. Anim. Behav. 63, 201–208 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Bartoš, L., Vaňková, D., Hyánek, J. & Šiler, J. Impact of allosucking on growth of farmed red deer calves (Cervus elaphus). Anim. Sci. 72, 493–500 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Bartoš, L., Vaňková, D., Šiler, J. & Illmann, G. Adoption, allonursing and allosucking in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus). Anim. Sci. 72, 483–492 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Engelhardt, S. C., Weladji, R. B., Holand, Ø. & Nieminen, M. Allosuckling in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus): A test of the improved nutrition and compensation hypotheses. Mammal. Biol. Z Säugetierkd 81(2), 146–152 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Víchová, J. & Bartoš, L. Allosuckling in cattle: Gain or compensation?. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 94, 223–235 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
18.Engelhardt, S. C. et al. Allosuckling in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus): Milk-theft, mismothering or kin selection?. Behav. Process. 107, 133–141 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Gloneková, M., Brandlová, K. & Pluháček, J. Stealing milk by young and reciprocal mothers: High incidence of allonursing in giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis. Anim. Behav. 113, 113–123 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Pluháček, J., Bartošová, J. & Bartoš, L. Suckling behavior in captive plains zebra (Equus burchellii): Sex differences in foal behavior. J. Anim. Sci. 88(1), 131–136 (2010).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
21.Gloneková, M., Brandlová, K. & Pluháček, J. Giraffe males have longer suckling bouts than females. J. Mammal. 101(2), 558–653 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Pluháček, J., Bartošová, J. & Bartoš, L. Further evidence for sex differences in suckling behaviour of captive plains zebra foals. Acta Ethol. 14, 91–95 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Drábková, J. et al. Sucking and allosucking duration in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 113(1), 215–223 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Mendl, M. & Paul, E. S. Observation of nursing and sucking behaviour as an indicator of milk transfer and parental investment. Anim. Behav. 37, 513–515 (1989).Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Therrien, J. F., Cote, S. D., Festa-Bianchet, M. & Ouellet, J. P. Maternal care in white-tailed deer: Trade-off between maintenance and reproduction under food restriction. Anim. Behav. 75, 235–243 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Plesner Jensen, S., Siefert, L., Okori, J. & Clutton-Brock, T. Age-related participation in allosuckling by nursing warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus). J. Zool. 248, 443–449 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
27Trivers, R. L. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Q. Rev. Biol. 46, 35–57 (1971).Article 

Google Scholar 
28.Engelhardt, S. C., Weladji, R. B., Holand, Ø., Røed, K. H. & Nieminen, M. Evidence of reciprocal allonursing in reindeer, Rangifer tarandus. Ethology 121(3), 245–259 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Jones, J. D. & Treanor, J. J. Allonursing and cooperative birthing behavior in Yellowstone bison, Bison bison. Can. Field-Nat. 122(2), 171–172 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Pusey, A. E. & Packer, C. Non-offspring nursing in social carnivores—Minimizing the costs. Behav. Ecol. 5, 362–374 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
31Murphey, R. M., Paranhos da Costa, M. J. R., Gomes da Silva, R. & de Souza, R. Allonursing in river buffalo, Bubalis bubalis: Nepotism, incompetence, or thivery?. Anim. Behav. 49, 1611–1616 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Olléová, M., Pluháček, J. & King, S. R. B. Effect of social system on allosuckling and adoption in zebras. J. Zool. 288(2), 127–134 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
33.Hamilton, W. D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II. J. Theor. Biol. 7, 17–52 (1964).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Clutton-Brock, T. H. Reproductive effort and terminal investment in iteroparous animals. Am. Nat. 123, 212–229 (1984).Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Baldovino, M. C. & Di Bitetti, M. S. Allonursing in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus nigritus): Milk or pacifier?. Folia Primatol. 79, 79–92 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Boness, D. J., Craig, M. P., Honigman, L. & Austin, S. Fostering behavior and the effect of female density in Hawaiian monk seals, Monachus schauinslandi. J. Mammal. 79, 1060–1069 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Cassinello, J. Allosuckling behaviour in Ammotragus. Z. Saugetierkd 64(6), 363–370 (1999).
Google Scholar 
38.Nuñez, C. M., Adelman, J. S. & Rubenstein, D. I. A free-ranging, feral mare Equus caballus affords similar maternal care to her genetic and adopted offspring. Am. Nat. 182, 674–681 (2013).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Brandlová, K., Bartoš, L. & Haberová, T. Camel calves as opportunistic milk thefts? The first description of allosuckling in domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). PLoS ONE 8(1), e53052 (2013).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
40.Zapata, B., Gaete, G., Correa, L., González, B. & Ebensperger, L. A case of allosuckling in wild guanacos (Lama guanicoe). J. Ethol. 27, 295–297 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Bond, M. L. & Lee, D. E. Simultaneous multiple-calf allonursing by a wild Masai giraffe. Afr. J. Ecol. 58(1), 126–128 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Pratt, D. M. & Anderson, V. H. Giraffe cowecalf relationships and social development of the calf in the Serengeti. Z. Tierpsychol. 51(3), 233–251 (1979).Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Saito, M. & Idani, G. Suckling and allosuckling behavior in wild giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi). Mammal. Biol. 93, 1–4 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
44.Zoelzer, F., Engel, C., Paul, W. D. & Anna Lena, B. A comparative study of nightly allonursing behaviour in four zoo-housed groups of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis). J. Zoo Aquar. Res. 8(3), 175–180 (2020).
Google Scholar 
45.Schino, G. & Aureli, F. The relative roles of kinship and reciprocity in explaining primate altruism. Ecol. Lett. 13, 45–50 (2010).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
46.Bercovitch, F. B., Bashaw, M. J. & del Castillo, S. M. Sociosexual behavior, male mating tactics, and the reproductive cycle of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis. Horm. Behav. 50(2), 314–321 (2006).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Bercovitch, F. B. & Berry, P. S. M. Herd composition, kinship and fission—fusion social dynamics among wild giraffe. Afr. J. Ecol. 51(2), 206–216 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
48.Carter, K. D., Seddon, J. M., Frere, C. H., Carter, J. K. & Goldizen, A. W. Fission-fusion dynamics in wild giraffes may be driven by kinship, spatial overlap and individual social preferences. Anim. Behav. 85, 385–394 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
49.D’haen, M., Fennessy, J., Stabach, J. & Brandlová, K. Population structure and spatial ecology of Kordofan giraffe in Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. Ecol. Evol. 9(19), 11395–11405 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
50.Horová, E., Brandlová, K. & Gloneková, M. The first description of dominance hierarchy in captive giraffe: Not loose and egalitarian, but clear and linear. PLoS ONE 10(5), e0124570 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
51.Jůnková Vymyslická, P., Brandlová, K., Hozdecká, K., Žáčková, M. & Hejcmanová, P. Feeding rank in the Derby eland: Lessons for management. Afr. Zool. 50(4), 313–320 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
52.Broussard, D. R., Risch, T. S., Dobson, F. S. & Murie, J. O. Senescence and age-related reproduction of female Columbian ground squirrels. J. Anim. Ecol. 72, 212–219 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Cameron, E. Z., Linklater, W. L., Stafford, K. J. & Minot, E. O. Aging and improving reproductive success in horses: declining residual reproductive value or just older and wiser?. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 47(4), 243–249 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Cameron, E. Z., Linklater, W. L., Stafford, K. J. & Minot, E. O. A case of cooperative nursing and offspring care by mother and daughter feral horses. J. Zool. 249, 486–489 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Ekvall, K. Effects of social organization, age and aggressive behaviour on allosuckling in wild fallow deer. Anim. Behav. 56, 695–703 (1998).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
56.Birgersson, B. & Ekvall, K. Suckling time and fawn growth in fallow deer (Dama dama). Zoology 232, 641–650 (1994).
Google Scholar 
57.Fennessy, J. et al. Multi-locus analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one. Curr. Biol. 26(18), 2543–2549 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
58.Estes, R. The Behavior Guide to African Mammals (University of California Press, 1991).
Google Scholar 
59.Altmann, J. Observational study of behaviour: Sampling methods. Behaviour 49, 227–267 (1974).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
60.Špinka, M. & Illmann, G. Suckling behaviour of young dairy calves with their own and alien mothers. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 33(2), 165–173 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
61.Wright, S. Coefficients of inbreeding and relationship. Am. Nat. 56, 330–338 (1922).Article 

Google Scholar  More

1.Capece MC, Clark E, Saleh JK, Halford D, Heinl N, Hoskins S, et al. Polyextremophiles and the constraints for terrestrial habitability. In: Seckbach J, Oren A, Stan-Lotter H, editors. Polyextremophiles. Life under muliple forms of stress. Dordrecht, Neaderlands: Springer; 2013. p. 3–60.2.Harrison JP, Gheeraert N, Tsigelnitskiy D, Cockell CS. The limits for life under multiple extremes. Trends Microbiol. 2013;21:204–12.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
3.Oger PM, Jebbar M. The many ways of coping with pressure. Res Microbiol. 2010;161:799–809.PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
4.Whitman WB, Coleman DC, Wiebe WJ. Prokaryotes: the unseen majority. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:6578–83.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
5.Bartlett DH. Pressure effects on in vivo microbial processes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002;1595:367–81.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
6.Aertsen A, Meersman F, Hendrickx ME, Vogel RF, Michiels CW. Biotechnology under high pressure: applications and implications. Trends Biotechnol. 2009;27:434–41.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
7.Jannasch HW, Taylor CD. Deep-sea microbiology. Ann Rev Microbiol. 1984;38:487–514.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Fang J, Zhang L, Bazylinski DA. Deep-sea piezosphere and piezophiles: geomicrobiology and biogeochemistry. Trends Microbiol. 2010;18:413–22.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
9.Yayanos AA. Microbiology to 10,500 meters in the deep sea. Ann Rev Microbiol. 1995;49:777–805.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Eloe EA, Lauro FM, Vogel RF, Bartlett DH. The deep-sea bacterium Photobacterium profundum SS9 utilizes separate flagellar systems for swimming and swarming under high-pressure conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74:6298–305.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Horikoshi K, Bull AT Prologue: Definition, categories, distribution, origin and evolution, pioneering studies, and emerging fields of extremophiles. In: Horikoshi K, editor. Extremophiles handbook. Tokyo, Japan: Springer; 2011. p. 3–18.12.Holt RD. Bringing the Hutchinsonian niche into the 21st century: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:19659–65.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
13.Talley LD, Pickard GL, Emery WJ, Swift JH. Typical distributions of water characteristics. In: Descriptive physical oceanography, 6th ed. London, UK: Elsevier; 2011. p. 67–110.14.Jebbar M, Franzetti B, Girard E, Oger P. Microbial diversity and adaptation to high hydrostatic pressure in deep-sea hydrothermal vents prokaryotes. Extremophiles. 2015;19:721–40.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
15.Berhardt G, Jaenicke R, Ludemann H-D, Konig H, Stetter KO. High pressure enhances the growth rate of the thermophilic archaebacterium Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus without extending its temperature range. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;54:1258–61.Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Scoma A, Garrido-Amador P, Nielsen SD, Roy H, Kjeldsen KU. The polyextremophilic bacterium Clostridium paradoxum attains piezophilic traits by modulating its energy metabolism and cell membrane composition. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019;85:e00802–19.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Wiegel J. Temperature spans for growth: hypothesis and discussion. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1990;75:155–70.Article 

Google Scholar 
18.Morita RY. Psychrophilic bacteria. Bacteriol Rev. 1975;39:144–67.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Zeikus JG. Thermophilic Bacteria—Ecology. Physiol Technol Enz Microb Technol. 1979;1:243–52.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Yayanos AA. Evolutional and ecological implications of the properties of deep-sea barophilic bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986;83:9542–6.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
21.Jannasch HW, Wirsen CO. Variability of pressure adaptation in deep sea bacteria. Arch Microbiol. 1984;139:281–8.Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Yayanos AA, Chastain R. The influence of nutrition on the physiology of piezophilic bacteria. In: Bell CR, Brylinsky M, Johnson-Green P, Eds. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology. Halifax, NS, Canada: Atlantic Canada Society for Microbial Ecology; 6; 1999.23.Matsumura P, Keller DM, Marquis RE. Restricted pH ranges and reduced yields for bacterial growth under pressure. Microb Ecol. 1974;1:176–89.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
24.Oren A. Bioenergetic aspects of halophilism. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1999;63:334–48.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Yayanos AA, Dietz AS, Van, Boxtel R. Dependence of reproduction rate on pressure as a hallmark of deep-sea bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982;44:1356–61.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Deming JW, Hada H, Colwell RR, Luehrsen KR, Fox GE. The ribonucleotide sequence of 5S rRNA from two strains of deep-sea barophilic bacteria. J Gen Microbiol. 1984;130:1911–20.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
27.Lauro FM, Chastain RA, Blankenship LE, Yayanos AA, Bartlett DH. The unique 16S rRNA genes of piezophiles reflect both phylogeny and adaptation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:838–45.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
28.Marteinsson VT, Birrien J-L-, Reysenbach A-L, Vernet M, Marie D, Gambacorta A, et al. Thermococcus barophilus sp. nov., a new barophilic and hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated under high hydrostatic pressure from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1999;49:351–9.PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
29.Alain K. Marinitoga piezophila sp. nov., a rod-shaped, thermo-piezophilic bacterium isolated under high hydrostatic pressure from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int J Sys Evol Microbiol. 2002;52:1331–9.CAS 

Google Scholar 
30.Canganella F, Gonzalez JM, Yanagibayashi M, Kato C, Horikoshi K. Pressure and temperature effects on growth and viability of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus peptonophilus. Arch Microbiol. 1997;168:1–7.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
31.Canganella F, Gambacorta A, Kato C, Horikoshi K. Effects of hydrostatic pressure and temperature on physiological traits of Thermococcus guaymasensis and Thermococcus aggregans growing on starch. Microbiol Res. 2000;154:297–306.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
32.Tamburini C, Boutrif M, Garel M, Colwell RR, Deming JW. Prokaryotic responses to hydrostatic pressure in the ocean-a review. Environ Microbiol. 2013;15:1262–74.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
33.Nogi Y, Masui N, Kato C. Photobacterium profundum sp. nov., a new, moderately barophilic bacterial species isolated from a deep-sea sediment. Extremophiles. 1998;2:1–7.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
34.Arakawa S, Nogi Y, Sato T, Yoshida Y, Usami R, Kato C. Diversity of piezophilic microorganisms in the closed ocean Japan Sea. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006;70:749–52.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
35.Xu Y, Nogi Y, Kato C, Liang Z, Ruger H-J, De Kegel D, et al. Moritella profunda sp. nov. and Moritella abyssi sp. nov., two psychropiezophilic organisms isolated from deep Atlantic sediments. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2003;53:533–8.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
36.Sekiguchi T, Sato T, Enoki M, Kanehiro H, Kato C. Procedure for isolation of the plastic degrading piezophilic bacteria from deep-sea environments. J Jap Soc Extremophil. 2010a;9:25–30.Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Sekiguchi T, Sato T, Enoki M, Kanehiro H, Uematsu K, Kato C. Isolation and characterization of biodegradable plastic degrading bacteria from deep-sea environments. JAMSTEC Rep. Res Dev. 2010b;11:33–41.
Google Scholar 
38.Nogi Y, Kato C, Horikoshi K. Psychromonas kaikoae sp. nov., a novel piezophilic bacterium from the deepest cold-seep sediments in the Japan Trench. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2002;52:1527–32.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
39.Yayanos AA, Dietz AS, van Boxtel R. Isolation of a deep-sea barophilic bacterium and some of its growth characteristics. Science. 1979;205:808–10.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
40.Nogi Y, Hosoya S, Kato C, Horikoshi K. Colwellia piezophila sp. nov., a novel piezophilic species from deep-sea sediments of the Japan Trench. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54:1627–31.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
41.Kato C, Sato T, Horikoshi K. Isolation and properties of barophilic and barotolerant bacteria from deep-sea mud samples. Biodiv Cons. 1995;4:1–9.Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Kato C, Inoue A, Horikoshi K. Isolating and characterizing deep-sea marinemicroorganisms. Tibtech. 1996;14:6–12.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Nogi Y, Kato C. Taxonomic studies of extremely barophilic bacteria isolated from the Mariana Trench and description of Moritella yayanosii sp. nov., a new barophilic bacterial isolate. Extremophiles. 1999;3:71–7.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
44.Deming JW, Somers LK, Straube WL, Swartz DG, Macdonell MT. Isolation of an Obligately Barophilic Bacterium and Description of a New Genus, Colwellia gen. nov. Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 1988;10:152–60.Article 

Google Scholar 
45.Kusube M, Kyaw TS, Tanikawa K, Chastain RA, Hardy KM, Cameron J, et al. Colwellia marinimaniae sp. nov., a hyperpiezophilic species isolated from an amphipod within the Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2017;67:824–31.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
46.Cao J, Lai Q, Liu P, Wei Y, Wang L, Liu R, et al. Salinimonas sediminis sp. nov., a piezophilic bacterium isolated from a deep-sea sediment sample from the New Britain Trench. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2018;68:3766–71.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
47.Liu P, Ding W, Lai Q, Liu R, Wei Y, Wang L, et al. Physiological and genomic features of Paraoceanicella profunda gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel piezophile isolated from deep seawater of the Mariana Trench. MicrobiologyOpen. 2019;00:e966.
Google Scholar 
48.Quéméneur M, Erauso G, Frouin E, Zeghal E, Vandecasteele C, Ollivier B, et al. Hydrostatic Pressure Helps to Cultivate an Original Anaerobic Bacterium From the Atlantis Massif Subseafloor (IODP Expedition 357): Petrocella atlantisensis gen. nov. sp. nov. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1497.PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
49.Xiao X, Wang P, Zeng X, Bartlett DH, Wang F. Shewanella psychrophila sp. nov. and Shewanella piezotolerans sp. nov., isolated from west Pacific deep-sea sediment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2007;57:60–5.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
50.Alazard D, Dukan S, Urios A, Verhe F, Bouabida N, Morel F, et al. Desulfovibrio hydrothermalis sp. nov., a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from hydrothermal vents. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2003;53:173–8.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
51.Pathom-Aree W, Nogi Y, Sutcliffe IC, Ward AC, Horikoshi K, Bull AT, et al. Dermacoccus abyssi sp. nov., a piezotolerant actinomycete isolated from the Mariana Trench. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2006;56:1233–7.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
52.Takai K, Miyazaki M, Hirayama H, Nakagawa S, Querellou J, Godfroy A. Isolation and physiological characterization of two novel, piezophilic, thermophilic chemolithoautotrophs from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney. Environ Microbiol. 2009;11(8):1983–97.PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
53.Erauso G, Reysenbach A-L, Godfroy A, Meunier J-R, Crump B, Partensky F, et al. Pyrococcus abyssi sp. nov., a new hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Arch Microbiol. 1993;160:338–49.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Li Y, Mandelco L, Wiegel J. Isolation and Characterization of a Moderately Thermophilic Anaerobic Alkaliphile. Clostridium paradoxum sp. nov. Int J Sys Bacteriol. 1993;43:450–60.Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Zhao W, Zeng X, Xiao X. Thermococcus eurythermalis sp. nov., a conditional piezophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon with a wide temperature range for growth, isolated from an oil-immersed chimney in the Guaymas Basin. Int J Sys Evol Microbiol. 2015;65:30–5.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
56.Takai K, Nakamura K, Toki T, Tsunogai U, Miyazaki M, Miyazaki J, et al. Cell proliferation at 122 degrees C and isotopically heavy CH4 production by a hyperthermophilic methanogen under high-pressure cultivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:10949–54.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
57.González JM, Kato C, Horikoshi K. Thermococcus peptonophilus sp. nov., a fast-growing, extremely thermophilic archaebacterium isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Arch Microbiol. 1995;164:159–64.PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
58.Jones WJ, Leigh JA, Mayer F, Woese CR, Wolfe RS. Methanococcusjannaschii sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent. Arch Microbiol. 1983;136:254–61.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

1.Pomella, A. W. V., Barreto, R. W. & Charudattan, R. Nimbya alternantherae a potential biocontrol agent for alligatorweed, Alternanthera philoxeroides. Biocontrol 52, 271–288 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
2.Barreto, R. W. & Torres, A. N. L. Nimbya alternantherae and Cercospora alternantherae: two new records of fungal pathogens on Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligatorweed) in Brazil, Australas. Plant Pathol 28, 103–107 (1999).
Google Scholar 
3.Ridenour, W. M. & Callaway, R. M. The relative importance of allelopathy in interference: the effects of an invasive weed on a native bunchgrass. Oecologia 126, 444–450 (2001).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Tanveer, A., Ali, H. H. & Manalil, S. Eco-biology and management of alligator weed [Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.] a review. Wetlands 38, 1067–1079 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Garbari, F. & Pedullà, M. L. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart) Griseb (Amaranthaceae), a new species for the exotic flora of Italy. J. Plant Taxon Geogr 56, 139–143 (2001).
Google Scholar 
6.Chen, X., Wang, R. & Cao, Q. The relationship between the distribution of invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and soil properties is scale-dependent. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 24, 1931–1938 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Wang, T., Hu, J. & Miao, L. The invasive stoloniferous clonal plant Alternanthera philoxeroides outperforms its co-occurring non-invasive functional counterparts in heterogeneous soil environments-invasion implications. Sci. Rep. 6, 38036 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed Central 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
8.Wang, B., Li, W. & Wang, J. Genetic diversity of Alternanthera philoxeroides in China. Aquat. Bot. 81, 277–283 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Shen, J., Shen, M. & Wang, X. Effect of environmental factors on shoot emergence and vegetative growth of alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxcroides). Weed Sci. 53, 471–478 (2005).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Bassett, I., Paynter, Q. & Hankin, R. Characterising alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides; Amaranthaceae) invasion at a northern New Zealand lake. N. Z. J. Ecol. 36, 216–222 (2012).
Google Scholar 
11.Pan, X. Y. Invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides: biology, ecology and management. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 45, 884–900 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Phung, T., Xuan, T. & Tu, A. T. Weed suppressing potential and isolation of potent plant growth inhibitors from Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc. Molecules 23, 345 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
13.Yu, Z. & Bi, H. Status Quo of research on ecosystem services value in China and suggestions to future research. Energy Procedia 5, 1044–1048 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Yang, S., Wang, Q. & Hu, T. Physiological responses to allelopathy of decomposing Cinnamomum septentrionale leaf litter of three crops (corn, cucumber, and cowpea). Chin. J. App. Environ. Biol. 29, 292–298 (2018).
Google Scholar 
15.Dong, B. C., Fu, T. & Luo, F. L. Herbivory-induced maternal effects on growth and defense traits in the clonal species Alternanthera philoxeroides. Sci. Total Environ. 605–606, 114–123 (2017).ADS 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
16.Dugdale, T. M., Clements, D. & Hunt, T. D. Alligatorweed produces viable stem fragments in response to herbicide treatment. J. Aquat. Plant Manag. 48, 84–91 (2010).
Google Scholar 
17.Clements, D., Dugdale, T. M. & Butler, K. L. Management of aquatic alligator weed in an early stage of invasion. Manag. Biol. Invas. 5, 327–339 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
18.Clements, D., Dugdale, T. M. & Butler, K. L. Herbicide efficacy for aquatic Alternanthera philoxeroides management in an early stage of invasion: integrating above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass and viable stem fragmentation. Weed Res. 57, 257–266 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Bond, W. & Grundy, A. Non-chemical weed management in organic farming systems. Weed Res. 41, 383–405 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Schooler, S., Cook, T. & Bourne, A. Selective herbicides reduce alligator weed (Alternanthera Philoxeroides) biomass by enhancing competition. Weed Sci. 56, 259–264 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Sainty, G., Mccorkelle, G., & Julien, M. Control and spread of alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., in Australia: Lessons for other regions. Wetlands Ecol. Manage. 5, 195–201 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Annett, R., Habibi, H. R. & Hontela, A. Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on the freshwater environment. J. Appl. Toxicol. 34, 458–479 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Bais, H. P., Vepachedu, R. & Gilroy, S. Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion: from molecules and genes to species interactions. Science 301, 1377–1380 (2003).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Zhang, Z., Deng, L. L. & Wang, L. C. Allelopathic potential of Phragmites australis extracts on the growth of invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides. Allelopath. J. 45, 54–63 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Jabran, K., Mahajan, G. & Sardana, V. Allelopathy for weed control in agricultural systems. Crop Prot. 72, 57–65 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Kumbhar, B. A. & Patel, D. D. Allelopathic effects of different weed species on crop. J. Pharm. Sci. Biosci. Res. 6, 801–805 (2016).
Google Scholar 
27.Weston, L. A. & Duke, S. O. Weed and crop allelopathy. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 22, 367–389 (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
28.Rice, E.L., Allelopathy, 2nd Ed, A. Press, Editor. 1-50 (1984).29.Da Silva, I. F. & Vieira, E. A. Phytotoxic potential of Senna occidentalis (L.) Link extracts on seed germination and oxidative stress of Ipe seedlings. Plant Biol. 21, 770–779 (2019).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
30.Zeng, R. S. Allelopathy—the solution is indirect. J. Chem. Ecol. 40, 515–516 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Otusanya, O. O., Ilori, O. J. & Adelusi, A. A. Allelopathic effects of tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. gray on germination and growth of Amaranthus cruentus. Res. J. Environ. Sci. 1, 285–293 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Chen, Z. & Meng, S. Research progress of Humulus scandens. Chin. Pharm. Affairs 24, 73–77 (2011).CAS 

Google Scholar 
33.Cao, Y., Wang, T. & Xiao, Y. A. The interspecific competition between Humulus scandens and Alternanthera philoxeroides. J. Plant Interactions 9, 194–199 (2013).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
34.Huang, Y. M., Zhang, Y. & Liu, Q. Research on allelopathy of aqueous extract from tagetes patula to four garden plants. Acta pratacultural sinica (Chinese) 24, 150–158 (2015).
Google Scholar 
35.Li, W., Luo, J. & Tian, X. A new strategy for controlling invasive weeds: selecting valuable native plants to defeat them. Sci. Rep. 5, 11004 (2015).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed Central 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
36.Cheng, T. S. The toxic effects of diethyl phthalate on the activity of glutamine synthetase in greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza L.). Aquat. Toxicol. 124, 171–178 (2012).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
37.Makoi, J. H. & Ndakidemi, P. A. Biological, ecological and agronomic significance of plant phenolic compounds in rhizosphere of the symbiotic legumes. Afr. J. Biotech. 6, 739–748 (2007).
Google Scholar 
38.Zhang, K. M., Shen, Y. & Yang, J. The defense system for Bidens pilosa root exudate treatments in Pteris multifida gametophyte. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 173, 203–213 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Noctor, G., Reichheld, J.-P. & Foyer, C. H. ROS-related redox regulation and signaling in plants. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 80, 3–12 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
40.Kaur, N., Chugh, V. & Gupta, A. K. Essential fatty acids as functional components of foods-a review. J. Food Sci. Technol. 51, 2289–2303 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Sun, C. H., Li, Y. & He, H. Y. Physiological and biochemical responses of Chenopodium album to drought stresses. Atca Ecologica Sinica 25, 2556–2561 (2005).CAS 

Google Scholar 
42.Li, P., Wang, X. & Li, Y. The contents of phenolic acids in continuous cropping peanut and their allelopathy. Acta Ecol. Sin. 30, 2128–2134 (2010).MathSciNet 
Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Wang, Y. X., Sun, G. R. & Wang, J. B. Relationships among MDA content, plasma membrane permeability and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Puccinellia tenuiflora seedlings under NaCl stress. Acta Ecol. Sin. 26, 122–129 (2006).CAS 

Google Scholar 
44.Li, Z. Q., Li, J. T. & Bing, J. The role analysis of APX gene family in the growth and developmental processes and in response to abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Hereditas (Beijing) 41, 534–547 (2019).
Google Scholar 
45.Tang, K., Ming, L. & Shan, D. Allelopathy autotoxicity effects of aquatic extracts from rhizospheric soil on rooting and growth of stem cuttings in Pogostemon cablin. J. Chin. Med. Mater. 37, 935–939 (2014).CAS 

Google Scholar 
46.Coelho, E. M. P., Barbosa, M. C. & Mito, M. S. The activity of the antioxidant defense system of the weed species Senna obtusifolia L and its resistance to allelochemical stress. J. Chem. Ecol. 43, 725–738 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Li, J. & Wang, X. Advance of research on Humulus scandens. Qilu Pharm. Affairs 26, 353–355 (2007).
Google Scholar 
48.Xu, B., Jin, Y. & Yihan, W. Chemical constituents from stems and leaves of Humulus scandens. Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs 45, 1228–1231 (2014).CAS 

Google Scholar 
49.Zhang, J., Liu, J. & Dai, L.-F. Unlocking the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Rhododendron molle G. Don. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 32, 2375–2383 (2019).CAS 

Google Scholar 
50.Chen, Z., Guo, Q. & Huang, K. Analysis of volatile components of solidago canadensis by SPME/GC-MS. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi (Chinese) 26, 1 (2008).
Google Scholar 
51.Wang, Y., Yu, J. & Zhang, Y. Effects of two allelochemicals on growth and physiological characteristics of eggplant seedlings. J. Gansu Agric. Univ. (Chinese) 3, 47–50 (2007).
Google Scholar 
52.Yu, J., Zhang, Y. & Niu, C. Effects of two kinds of allelochemicals on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Solanum melongena L. seedlings. J. Appl. Ecol. 17, 1629–1632 (2006).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
53.Lande, M. L., Kanedi, M. & Zulkifli, Z. Supperssive effexts of lantana camara leaf extracts on the growth of red chillli (Carsicum annuum). World J. Pharm. Life Sci. 3, 543–551 (2017).
Google Scholar 
54.Erida, G. & Saidi, N. Allelopathic screening of several weed species as potential bioherbicides. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 334, 12–34 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Cimmino, A., Masi, M. & Rubiales, D. Allelopathy for parasitic plant management. Nat. Prod. Commun. 13, 289–294 (2018).
Google Scholar 
56.Deng, J., Zhang, Y. & Hu, J. Autotoxicity of phthalate esters in tobacco root exudates: Effects on seed germination and seedling growth. Pedosphere 27, 1073–1082 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
57.Gu, S., Zheng, H. & Xu, Q. Comparative toxicity of the plasticizer dibutyl phthalate to two freshwater algae. Aquat. Toxicol. 191, 122–130 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
58.Perveen, S., Yousaf, M. & Zahoor, A. F. Extraction, isolation, and identification of various environment friendly components from cock’s comb (Celosia argentea) leaves for allelopathic potential. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. Rev. 96, 1523–1534 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
59.Alara, O. R., Abdurahman, N. H. & Ukaegbu, C. I. Extraction and characterization of bioactive compounds in Vernonia amygdalina leaf ethanolic extract comparing soxhlet and microwave-assisted extraction techniques. J. Taibah Univ. Sci. 13, 414–422 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
60.Wei, W., Hou, Y. & Peng, S. Effects of light intensity on growth and biomass allocation of invasive plants Mikania micrantha and Chromolaena odorata. Acta Ecol. Sin. 37, 6021–6028 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
61.Williamson, G. B. & Richardson, D. Bioassays for allelopathy: measuring treatment responses with independent controls. J. Chem. Ecol. 14, 181–187 (1988).Article 

Google Scholar 
62.Gao, Y. B., Li, G. P. & Shi, H. Allelopathic effect of endophyte-infected achnatherum sibiricum on stipa grandis. Acta Ecol. Sin. 37, 1063–1073 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
63.Zhang, L., Wang, X. & Guo, J. Metabolic profiling of Chinese tobacco leaf of different geographical origins by GC-MS. Agric. Food Chem. 61, 2597–2605 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

1.Bradford MA, Wieder WR, Bonan GB, Fierer N, Raymond PA, Crowther TW. Managing uncertainty in soil carbon feedbacks to climate change. Nat Clim Chang. 2016;6:751–8.Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
2.Cavicchioli R, Ripple WJ, Timmis KN, Azam F, Bakken LR, Baylis M, et al. Scientists’ warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17:569–86.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Crowther TW, Hoogen JVD, Wan J, Mayes MA, Keiser AD, Mo L, et al. The global soil community and its influence on biogeochemistry. Science. 2019;365:eaav0550.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Heimann M, Reichstein M. Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks. Nature. 2008;451:289–92.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Wieder WR, Bonan GB, Allison SD. Global soil carbon projections are improved by modelling microbial processes. Nat Clim Chang. 2013;3:909–12.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Walker TWN, Kaiser C, Strasser F, Herbold CW, Leblans NIW, Woebken D, et al. Microbial temperature sensitivity and biomass change explain soil carbon loss with warming. Nat Clim Chang. 2018;8:885–9.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Crowther TW, Todd-Brown KEO, Rowe CW, Wieder WR, Carey JC, Machmuller MB, et al. Quantifying global soil carbon losses in response to warming. Nature. 2016;540:104–8.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Li JQ, Pei JM, Pendall E, Fang CM, Nie M. Spatial heterogeneity of temperature sensitivity of soil respiration: a global analysis of field observations. Soil Biol Biochem. 2020;141:107675.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Wang QK, Zhao XC, Chen LC, Yang QP, Chen S, Zhang WD, et al. Global synthesis of temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon decomposition: latitudinal patterns and mechanisms. Funct Ecol. 2019;33:514–23.Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Nottingham AT, Baath E, Reischke S, Salinas N, Meir P. Adaptation of soil microbial growth to temperature: using a tropical elevation gradient to predict future changes. Glob Chang Biol. 2019;25:827–38.PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Ye JS, Bradford MA, Dacal M, Maestre FT, García-Palacios P. Increasing microbial carbon use efficiency with warming predicts soil heterotrophic respiration globally. Glob Chang Biol. 2019;25:3354–64.PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Smith TP, Thomas TJH, Garcia-Carreras B, Sal S, Yvon-Durocher G, Bell T, et al. Community-level respiration of prokaryotic microbes may rise with global warming. Nat Commun. 2019;10:5124.PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
13.Schipper LA, Hobbs JK, Rutledge S, Arcus VL. Thermodynamic theory explains the temperature optima of soil microbial processes and high Q10 values at low temperatures. Glob Chang Biol 2014;20:3578–86.PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Pietikainen J, Pettersson M, Baath E. Comparison of temperature effects on soil respiration and bacterial and fungal growth rates. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2005;52:49–58.PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
15.Bárcenas-Moreno G, Gómez-Brandón M, Rousk J, Bååth E. Adaptation of soil microbial communities to temperature: comparison of fungi and bacteria in a laboratory experiment. Glob Chang Biol. 2009;15:2950–7.Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Engqvist MKM. Correlating enzyme annotations with a large set of microbial growth temperatures reveals metabolic adaptations to growth at diverse temperatures. BMC Microbiol. 2018;18:177.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Oliverio AM, Bradford MA, Fierer N. Identifying the microbial taxa that consistently respond to soil warming across time and space. Glob Chang Biol. 2017;23:2117–29.PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
18.Bier RL, Bernhardt ES, Boot CM, Graham EB, Hall EK, Lennon JT, et al. Linking microbial community structure and microbial processes: an empirical and conceptual overview. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2015;91:fiv113.PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
19.Dubey A, Malla MA, Khan F, Chowdhary K, Yadav S, Kumar A, et al. Soil microbiome: a key player for conservation of soil health under changing climate. Biodivers Conserv. 2019;28:2405–29.Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Hungate BA, Mau RL, Schwartz E, Caporaso JG, Dijkstra P, van Gestel N, et al. Quantitative microbial ecology through stable isotope probing. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81:7570–81.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Koch BJ, McHugh TA, Hayer M, Schwartz E, Blazewicz SJ, Dijkstra P, et al. Estimating taxon-specific population dynamics in diverse microbial communities. Ecosphere. 2018;9:e02090.Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Hamdi S, Moyano F, Sall S, Bernoux M, Chevallier T. Synthesis analysis of the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration from laboratory studies in relation to incubation methods and soil conditions. Soil Biol Biochem. 2013;58:115–26.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Martiny AC, Treseder K, Pusch G. Phylogenetic conservatism of functional traits in microorganisms. ISME J. 2013;7:830–8.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
24.DeAngelis KM, Pold G, Topçuoğlu BD, van Diepen LTA, Varney RM, Blanchard JL, et al. Long-term forest soil warming alters microbial communities in temperate forest soils. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:104.PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Euskirchen ES, Bret-Harte MS, Shaver GR, Edgar CW, Romanovsky VE. Long-term release of carbon dioxide from Arctic Tundra ecosystems in Alaska. Ecosystems. 2017;20:960–74.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Reed SC, Reibold R, Cavaleri MA, Alonso-Rodríguez AM, Berberich ME, Wood TE. Chapter six—soil biogeochemical responses of a tropical forest to warming and hurricane disturbance. In: Dumbrell AJ, Turner EC, Fayle TM, editors. Advances in ecological research. (Academic Press, Cambridge MA, 2020) pp 225–52.27.Witt C, Gaunt JL, Galicia CC, Ottow JCG, Neue HU. A rapid chloroform-fumigation extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in flooded rice soils. Biol Fertil Soils. 2000;30:510–9.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
28.Berry D, Ben Mahfoudh K, Wagner M, Loy A. Barcoded primers used in multiplex amplicon pyrosequencing bias amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78:612.CAS 
PubMed Central 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
29.Apprill A, McNally S, Parsons R, Weber L. Minor revision to V4 region SSU rRNA 806R gene primer greatly increases detection of SAR11 bacterioplankton. Aquat Micro Ecol. 2015;75:129–37.Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Parada AE, Needham DM, Fuhrman JA. Every base matters: assessing small subunit rRNA primers for marine microbiomes with mock communities, time series and global field samples. Environ Microbiol. 2016;18:1403–14.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Rohland N, Reich D. Cost-effective, high-throughput DNA sequencing libraries for multiplexed target capture. Genome Res. 2012;22:939–46.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Aronesty E. ea-utils: “Command-line tools for processing biological sequencing data”. 2011. https://github.com/ExpressionAnalysis/ea-utils.33.Caporaso JG, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Costello EK, et al. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods. 2010;7:335–6.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Caporaso JG, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Desantis TZ, Andersen GL, Knight R. PyNAST: a flexible tool for aligning sequences to a template alignment. Bioinformatics. 2010;26:266–7.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Edgar RC. Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST. Bioinformatics. 2010;26:2460–1.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:D590–6.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
37.Bokulich NA, Subramanian S, Faith JJ, Gevers D, Gordon JI, Knight R, et al. Quality-filtering vastly improves diversity estimates from Illumina amplicon sequencing. Nat Methods. 2013;10:57–9.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Morrissey EM, Mau RL, Schwartz E, McHugh TA, Dijkstra P, Koch BJ, et al. Bacterial carbon use plasticity, phylogenetic diversity and the priming of soil organic matter. ISME J. 2017;11:1890–9.PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Li J, Mau RL, Dijkstra P, Koch BJ, Schwartz E, Liu X-JA, et al. Predictive genomic traits for bacterial growth in culture versus actual growth in soil. ISME J. 2019;13:2162–72.PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Gross N, Bagousse-Pinguet YL, Liancourt P, Berdugo M, Gotelli NJ, Maestre FT. Functional trait diversity maximizes ecosystem multifunctionality. Nat Ecol Evol. 2017;1:0132.PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Laliberté E, Norton DA, Scott D. Contrasting effects of productivity and disturbance on plant functional diversity at local and metacommunity scales. J Veg Sci. 2013;24:834–42.Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Plass-Johnson JG, Taylor MH, Husain AAA, Teichberg MC, Ferse SCA. Non-random variability in functional composition of coral reef fish communities along an environmental gradient. PLOS ONE. 2016;11:e0154014.PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
43.Götzenberger L, Botta-Dukát Z, Lepš J, Pärtel M, Zobel M, de Bello F. Which randomizations detect convergence and divergence in trait-based community assembly? A test of commonly used null models. J Veg Sci. 2016;27:1275–87.Article 

Google Scholar 
44.Delgado-Baquerizo M, Trivedi P, Trivedi C, Eldridge DJ, Reich PB, Jeffries TC, et al. Microbial richness and composition independently drive soil multifunctionality. Funct Ecol. 2017;31:2330–43.Article 

Google Scholar 
45.R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2020. https://www.R-project.org/.46.Bruelheide H, Dengler J, Purschke O, Lenoir J, Jiménez-Alfaro B, Hennekens SM, et al. Global trait–environment relationships of plant communities. Nat Ecol Evol. 2018;2:1906–17.PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Piton G, Legay N, Arnoldi C, Lavorel S, Clément J-C, Foulquier A. Using proxies of microbial community-weighted means traits to explain the cascading effect of management intensity, soil and plant traits on ecosystem resilience in mountain grasslands. J Ecol. 2020;108:876–93.CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
48.Alster CJ, von Fischer JC, Allison SD, Treseder KK. Embracing a new paradigm for temperature sensitivity of soil microbes. Glob Chang Biol. 2020;26:3221–9.PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
49.Letunic I, Bork P. Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v4: recent updates and new developments. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47:W256–9.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
50.Li J, Nie M, Pendall E, Reich PB, Pei J, Noh NJ, et al. Biogeographic variation in temperature sensitivity of decomposition in forest soils. Glob Chang Biol. 2020;26:1873–85.PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Lipson DA. The complex relationship between microbial growth rate and yield and its implications for ecosystem processes. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:615.PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
52.Buckeridge KM, Mason KE, McNamara NP, Ostle N, Puissant J, Goodall T, et al. Environmental and microbial controls on microbial necromass recycling, an important precursor for soil carbon stabilization. Commun Earth Environ. 2020;1:36.Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Ali A, Yan E-R, Chang SX, Cheng J-Y, Liu X-Y. Community-weighted mean of leaf traits and divergence of wood traits predict aboveground biomass in secondary subtropical forests. Sci Total Environ. 2017;574:654–62.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Buzzard V, Michaletz ST, Deng Y, He Z, Ning D, Shen L, et al. Continental scale structuring of forest and soil diversity via functional traits. Nat Ecol Evol. 2019;3:1298–308.PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Luo Y-H, Cadotte MW, Burgess KS, Liu J, Tan S-L, Zou J-Y, et al. Greater than the sum of the parts: how the species composition in different forest strata influence ecosystem function. Ecol Lett. 2019;22:1449–61.PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
56.Díaz S, Lavorel S, de Bello F, Quétier F, Grigulis K, Robson TM. Incorporating plant functional diversity effects in ecosystem service assessments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:20684–9.PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
57.Bradford MA. Thermal adaptation of decomposer communities in warming soils. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:333.PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
58.Morrissey EM, Mau RL, Schwartz E, Koch BJ, Hayer M, Hungate BA. Taxonomic patterns in the nitrogen assimilation of soil prokaryotes. Environ Microbiol. 2018;20:1112–9.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
59.Coskun OK, Ozen V, Wankel SD, Orsi WD. Quantifying population-specific growth in benthic bacterial communities under low oxygen using H218O. ISME J. 2019;13:1546–59.CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
60.Zhou G, Zhou X, Liu R, Du Z, Zhou L, Li S, et al. Soil fungi and fine root biomass mediate drought-induced reductions in soil respiration. Funct Ecol. 2020;34:2634–43.Article 

Google Scholar 
61.Melillo JM, Frey SD, Deangelis KM, Werner WJ, Bernard MJ, Bowles FP, et al. Long-term pattern and magnitude of soil carbon feedback to the climate system in a warming world. Science. 2017;358:101–5.CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
62.Johnston ASA, Sibly RM. The influence of soil communities on the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. Nat Ecol Evol. 2018;2:1597–602.PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

My work focuses on a side of Ireland that few visitors ever see: the temperate rainforest of Killarney National Park, a 10,200-hectare reserve near the southwest coast. The climate here — usually damp and, by Irish standards, relatively warm, with temperatures in autumn afternoons typically edging beyond 10 °C — creates ideal growing conditions for all sorts of mosses, ferns and simple moss-like plants called liverworts.Here, in a picture taken last November, I’m taking a close look at a piece of moss growing in a marshy spot next to a holly tree. I’m an independent, freelance scientist, and the government often hires me to survey the area’s incredible biodiversity.One square metre of ground here can support 30 species of moss and liverwort, and it often takes a keen eye to tell one from another. If I’m stumped, I’ll take a sample back to my laboratory — actually a spare room in my house — to examine the cell structure and other identifying features under a microscope.I grew up near this park, and despite all the time that I’ve spent here, there are still surprises. In summer 2019, I found a tiny tropical fern (Stenogrammitis myosuroides) that is native to the mountains of Jamaica, the Dominican Republic and Cuba. The most likely explanation for its appearance here is that spores got swept up into the atmosphere, soared across the Atlantic and happened to land in a place where the plant can survive. It makes you think about all the spores and seeds floating around out there that aren’t so lucky.Here, I’m a two-hour walk away from the nearest road. Sometimes, red deer walk by and white-tailed eagles fly overhead. When it’s pouring down with rain, I wonder what I’m doing out here. But, in between storms, there’s no place I’d rather be. It’s quiet but lively, and when you have an eye for moss, there’s always something to catch your attention. More

1.Neumann, V. H., Borrego, A. G., Cabrera, L. & Dino, R. Organic matter composition and distribution through the Aptian-Albian lacustrine sequences of the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil. Int. J. Coal. Geol. 54, 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00018-1 (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
2.Heimhofer, U. & Martill, D. M. Stratigraphy of the Crato Formation. In The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World (eds Martill, D. M. et al.) 25–43 (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Google Scholar 
3.Neumann, V. H. M. L. Estratigrafía, sedimentología, geoquímica y diagénesis de los sistemas lacustres Aptienses-Albienses de la Cuenca de Araripe (Noreste de Brasil) (Universidad de Barcelona, 1999).
Google Scholar 
4.Martill, D. M. The geology of the Crato Formation. In The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World (eds Martill, D. M. et al.) 8–24 (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Google Scholar 
5.Martill, D. M. & Wilby, P. R. Stratigraphy. In Fossils of the Santana and Crato Formations, Brazil (ed. Martill, D. M.) 20–50 (The Palaeontological Association Field Guides to Fossils, 1993).
Google Scholar 
6.Heimhofer, U. et al. Deciphering the depositional environment of the laminated Crato fossil beds (Early Cretaceous, Araripe Basin, North-eastern Brazil). Sedimentology 57(2), 677–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01114.x (2010).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Martínez-Delclòs, X., Briggs, D. E. G. & Peñalver, E. Taphonomy of insects in carbonates and amber. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 203, 19–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00643-6 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Menon, F. & Martill, D. M. Taphonomy and preservation of Crato Formation arthropods. In The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World (eds Martill, D. M. et al.) 79–96 (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Google Scholar 
9.Martins-Neto, R. G. New mayflies (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) from the Santana Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil. Rev. Esp. Paleontol. 11(2), 177–192 (1996).
Google Scholar 
10.Brito, P. M. The Crato Formation fish fauna. In The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an ancient world (eds Martill, D. M. et al.) 429–443 (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Google Scholar 
11.Sinitshenkova, N. D. The Mesozoic mayflies (Ephemeroptera) with special reference to their ecology. In 4th International Conference of Ephemeroptera (eds Landa, V. et al.) 61–66 (Czechoslovak Academy of Science, 1984).
Google Scholar 
12.Martill, D. M., Brito, P. M. & Washington-Evans, J. Mass mortality of fishes in the Santana Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Albian) of northeast Brazil. Cretac. Res. 29(4), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2008.01.012 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Martins-Neto, R. G. Insetos fósseis como bioindicadores em depósitos sedimentares: um estudo de caso para o Cretáceo da Bacia do Araripe (Brasil). Rev. Bras. Zoociências. 8(2), 155–183 (2006).
Google Scholar 
14.Bechly, G. et al. A revision and phylogenetic study of Mesozoic Aeshnoptera, with description of several new families, genera and species (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera). Neue Paläontologische Abhandlungen. 4, 1–219 (2001).
Google Scholar 
15.Martins-Neto, R. G. & Gallego, O. F. Death behaviour”—Thanatoethology, new term and concept: A taphonomic analysis providing possible paleoethologic inferences. Special cases from arthropods of the santana formation (Lower Cretaceous, Northeast Brazil). Geociências. 25(2), 241–254 (2006).
Google Scholar 
16.Osés, G. L. et al. Deciphering the preservation of fossil insects: A case study from the Crato Member, Early Cretaceous of Brazil. PeerJ. 4, e2756. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2756 (2016).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
17.Saraiva, A. A. F., Hessel, M. H., Guerra, N. C. & Fara, E. Concreções Calcárias da Formação Santana, Bacia do Araripe: uma proposta de classificação. Estud. Geol. 17(1), 40–58 (2007).
Google Scholar 
18.Assine, M. L. Bacia do Araripe. Boletim de Geociências da Petrobras. 15(2), 371–389 (2007).
Google Scholar 
19.Neumann, V. H. & Cabrera, L. Una nueva propuesta estratigráfica para la tectonosecuencia post-rifte de la cuenca de Araripe, nordeste de Brasil. Boletim do 5° Simpósio sobre o Cretáceo do Brasil. 279–285 (1999).

Google Scholar 
20.Viana, M. S. & Neumann, V. H. L. Membro Crato da Formação Santana, Chapada do Araripe, CE-Riquíssimo registro de fauna e flora do Cretáceo. In Sítios Geológicos e Paleontológicos do Brasil (eds Schobbenhaus, C. et al.) 113–120 (Comissão Brasileira de Sítios Geológicos e Paleobiológicos, 2002).
Google Scholar 
21.Staniczek, A. H. Ephemeroptera: Mayflies. In The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World (eds Martill, D. M. et al.) 163–184 (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Google Scholar 
22.Datta, D., Mukherjee, D. & Ray, S. Taphonomic signatures of a new Upper Triassic phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) bonebed from India: Aggregation of a juvenile-dominated paleocommunity. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 39(6), e1726361 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Barling, N. The Fidelity of Preservation of Insects from the Crato Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Brazil (University of Portsmouth, 2018).
Google Scholar 
24.Boucot, A. J. Evolutionary Paleobiology of Behavior and Coevolution (Elsevier, 1990).
Google Scholar 
25.Grande, L. Palaeontology of the Green River Formation, with a Review of the Fish Fauna 2nd edn, Vol. 63, 1–333 (Geological Survey of Wyoming Bulletin, 1984).
Google Scholar 
26.McCafferty, W. P. Chapter 2. Ephemeroptera. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 195, 20–50 (1990).
Google Scholar 
27.Meshkova, N. P. On nymph Ephemeropsis trisetalis Eichwald (Insecta). Paleontol. Zh. 4, 164–168 (1961).
Google Scholar 
28.Polegatto, C. M. & Zamboni, J. C. Inferences regarding the feeding behavior and morphoecological patterns of fossil mayfly nymphs (Insecta Ephemeroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous Santana Formation of northeastern Brazil. Acta. Geol. Leopold. 24, 145–160 (2001).
Google Scholar 
29.Bouchard, R. W. Guide to Aquatic Macroinvertebrates of the Upper Midwest (University of Minnesota, 2004).
Google Scholar 
30.Tshernova, O. A. On the classification of Fossil and Recent Ephemeroptera. Entomol. Rev. 49, 71–81 (1970).
Google Scholar 
31.Braz, F. F. Registro angiospérmico Eocretáceo do Membro Crato, Formação Santana, Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil: Interpretações paleoambientais, paleoclimáticas e paleofitogeográficas (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012).
Google Scholar 
32.Archibald, S. B. & Makarkin, V. N. Tertiary giant lacewings (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae): Revision and description of new taxa from western North America and Denmark. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 4, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477201906001817 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
33.Boyero, L., Cardinale, B. J., Bastian, M. & Pearson, R. G. Biotic vs abiotic control of decomposition: A comparison of the effects of simulated extinctions and changes in temperature. PLoS ONE 9(1), e87426. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087426 (2014).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
34.Gall, J. C. Les Voiles Microbiens. Leur Contribution à la Fossilisation des Organismes au Corps Mou. Lethaia 23, 21–28 (1990).Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Martill, D. M. Fish oblique to bedding in early diagenetic concretions from the Cretaceous Santana Formation of Brazil e implications for substrate consistency. Palaeontology 41, 1011–1026 (1997).
Google Scholar 
36.Iniesto, M. et al. Soft tissue histology of insect larvae decayed in laboratory experiments using microbial mats: Taphonomic comparison with Cretaceous fossil insects from the exceptionally preserved biota of Araripe, Brazil. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 564, 110156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110156 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Kok, M. D., Schouten, S. & Damsté, J. S. S. Formation of insoluble, nonhydrolyzable, sulfur-rich macromolecules via incorporation of inorganic sulfur species into algal carbohydrates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 64, 2689–2699. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00382-3 (2000).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Kluge, N. J. The Phylogenetic System of Ephemeroptera (Kluwer Academic, 2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0872-3.
Google Scholar 
39.Camp, A. A., Funk, D. H. & Buchwalter, D. B. A stressful shortness of breath: Molting disrupts breathing in the mayfly Cloeon dipterum. Freshw. Sci. 33(3), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1086/677899 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Mohr, B. A. R., Bernardes-De-Oliveira, M. E. C. & Loveridge, R. F. The macrophyte flora of the Crato Formation. In The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World (eds Martill, D. M. et al.) 537–565 (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Google Scholar 
41.Kunzmann, L., Mohr, B. A. R. & Bernardes-De-Oliveira, M. E. C. Gymnosperms from the Early Cretaceous Crato Formation (Brazil). I. Araucariaceae and Lindleycladus (incertae sedis). Foss. Rec. 7, 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmng.20040070109 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Mohr, B., Schultka, S., Süss, H. & Bernardes-De Oliveira, M. E. C. A new drought resistant gymnosperm taxon Duartenia araripensis gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Cheirolepidiaceae?) from the Early Cretaceous of Northern Gondwana. Palaeontogr. Abt. B. 289(1–3), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/289/2012/1 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Bernardes-De-Oliveira, M. E. C. et al. Indicadores Paleoclimáticos na Paleoflora do Crato, final do Aptiano do Gondwana Norocidental. In Paleontologia: Cenários de Vida-Paleoclimas (eds Carvalho, I. S. et al.) 100–118 (Editora Interciência, 2013).
Google Scholar 
44.Kershaw, P. & Wagstaff, B. The Southern Conifer Family Araucariaceae: History, status, and value for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 32, 397–414. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114059 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
45.Lima, F. J. et al. Fire in the paradise: Evidence of repeated palaeo-wildfires from the Araripe Fossil Lagerstätte (Araripe Basin, Aptian-Albian), Northeast Brazil. Palaeobio. Palaeoenv. 99, 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-018-0359-7 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
46.Makarkin, V. N. & Menon, F. New species of the Mesochrysopidae (Insecta, Neuroptera) from the Crato Formation of Brazil (Lower Cretaceous), with taxonomic treatment of the family. Cretac. Res. 26, 801–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2005.05.009 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Martill, D. M., Loveridge, R. & Heimhofer, U. Halite pseudomorphs in the Crato Formation (Early Cretaceous, Late Aptian-Early Albian), Araripe Basin, northeast Brazil: Further evidence for hypersalinity. Cretac. Res. 28(4), 613–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2006.10.003 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
48.Williams, W. D. Salinisation: A major threat to water resources in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Lakes and Reservoirs. Res. Manag. 4, 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1770.1999.00089.x (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
49.Clarke, R. T. & Hering, D. Errors and uncertainty in bioassessment methods, major results and conclusions from the STAR project and their application using STARBUGS. Hydrobiologia 566, 433–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0079-2 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
50.Williams, W. D. Salinity tolerances of four species of fish from the Murray-Darling River system. Hydrobiologia 210, 145–160 (1991).Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Lancaster, J. & Scudder, G. G. E. Aquatic Coleoptera and Hemiptera in some Canadian saline lakes: Patterns in community structure. Can. J. Zool. 65(6), 1383–1390. https://doi.org/10.1139/z87-218 (1987).Article 

Google Scholar 
52.Metzeling, L. Benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in streams of different salinities. Mar. Freshw. Res. 44, 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF9930335 (1993).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Berezina, N. A. Tolerance of freshwater invertebrates to changes in water salinity. Russ. J. Ecol. 34(4), 261–266. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024597832095 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Kefford, B. J., Dalton, A., Palmer, C. G. & Nugegoda, D. The salinity tolerance of eggs and hatchlings of selected aquatic macroinvertebrates in south-east Australia and South Africa. Hydrobiologia 517(1–3), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027346.06304.bc (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Chadwick, M. A., Hunter, H., Feminella, J. W. & Henry, R. P. Salt and water balance in Hexagenia limbata (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) when exposed to brackish water. Fla. Entomol. 85, 650–651. https://doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0650:SAWBIH]2.0.CO;2 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
56.James, K. R., Cant, B. & Ryan, T. Responses of freshwater biota to rising salinity levels and implications for saline water management: A review. Aust. J. Bot. 51(6), 703. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT02110 (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
57.Nielsen, D. L., Brock, M. A., Rees, G. N. & Baldwin, D. S. Effects of increasing salinity on freshwater ecosystems in Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 51(6), 655–665. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT02115 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
58.Hart, B. T., Lake, P. S., Webb, J. A. & Grace, M. R. Ecological risk to aquatic systems from salinity increases. Aust. J. Bot. 51(6), 689. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT02111 (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
59.Bagarinao, T. Systematics, genetics and life history of milkfish, Chanos chanos. Environ. Biol. Fishes. 39, 23–41 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
60.Davis, S. P. & Martill, D. M. The Gonorynchiform fish Dastilbe from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 42(4), 715–740 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
61.Jell, P. A. & Duncan, P. M. Invertebrates, mainly insects, from the freshwater, Lower Cretaceous, Koonwarra fossil bed (Korumburra group), South Gippsland, Victoria. In Plants and invertebrates from the Lower Cretaceous Koonwarra fossil bed, South Gippsland, Victoria (eds Jell, P. A. & Roberts, J.) 111–205 (Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 1986).
Google Scholar 
62.Ponomarenko, A. G. Fossil insects from the Tithonian ‘Solnhofener Plattenkalke’ in the Museum of Natural History, Vienna. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien. 87, 135–144 (1985).
Google Scholar 
63.Zhang, J. & Zhang, H. Insects and spiders. In The Jehol Biota (eds Chang, M. et al.) 59–68 (Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, 2003).
Google Scholar 
64.Hellawell, J. & Orr, P. J. Deciphering taphonomic processes in the Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming. Palaeobiodivers. Palaeoenviron. 93, 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-012-0092-6 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
65.McGrew, P. O. Taphonomy of Eocene fish from Fossil Basin, Wyoming. Fieldiana Geology. 33, 257–270 (1975).
Google Scholar 
66.Krzemiński, W., Soszyńska-Maj, A., Bashkuev, A. S. & Kopeć, K. Revision of the unique Early Cretaceous Mecoptera from Koonwarra (Australia) with description of a new genus and family. Cretac. Res. 52, 501–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2014.04.004 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
67.Elder, R. L. & Smith, G. R. Fish taphonomy and environmental inference in Paleolimnology. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 62, 577–592 (1988).Article 

Google Scholar 
68.Huang, D. Tarwinia australis (Siponaptera: Tarwiniidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Koonwarra fossil bed: Morphological revision and analysis of its evolutionary relationship. Cretac. Res. 52, 507–515 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
69.Waldman, M. Fish from the freshwater Lower Cretaceous of Victoria, Australia with comments of the palaeo-environment. Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 9, 1–124 (1971).
Google Scholar 
70.Brittain, J. E. & Sartori, M. Ephemeroptera. In Encyclopedia of Insects (eds Resh, V. H. & Cardé, R. T.) 328–334 (Academic Press, 2002).
Google Scholar 
71.Bartell, K. W., Swinburne, N. H. M. & Conway-Morris, S. Solnhofen: A Study in Mesozoic Palaeontology (Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Google Scholar 
72.Bechly, G. New fossil dragonflies from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of north-east Brazil (Insecta: Odonata). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde. 264, 1–66 (1998).
Google Scholar 
73.Fielding, S., Martill, D. M. & Naish, D. Solnhofen-style soft-tissue preservation in a new species of turtle from the Crato Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) of north-east Brazil. Palaeontology 48, 1301–1310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00508.x (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
74.Sartori, M. & Brittain, J. E. Order Ephemeroptera. In Ecology and General Biology: Thorp and Covich’s Freshwater Invertebrates (eds Thorp, J. & Rogers, D. C.) 873–891 (Academic Press, 2015).
Google Scholar 
75.Chang, M. M., Chen, P. J., Wang, Y. Q., Wang, Y. & Miao, D. S. The Jehol Fossils: TheEmergence of Feathered Dinosaurs, Beaked Birds and Flowering Plants (Academic Press, 2007).
Google Scholar 
76.Zhang, X. & Sha, J. Sedimentary laminations in the lacustrine Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation at Sihetun, western Liaoning, China. Cretac. Res. 36, 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2012.02.010 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
77.Fürsich, F. T., Sha, J., Jiang, B. & Pan, Y. High resolution palaeoecological and taphonomic analysis of Early Cretaceous lake biota, western Liaoning (NE-China). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 253, 434–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.06.012 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
78.Pan, Y., Sha, J. & Fürsich, F. A model for organic fossilization of the Early Cretaceous Jehol Lagerstätte based on the taphonomy of “Ephemeropsis trisetalis”. Palaios 29(7/8), 363–377 (2014).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
79.Upchurch, G. R. & Doyle, J. A. Paleoecology of the conifers Frenelopsis and Pseudofrenelopsis (Cheirolepidiaceae) from the Cretaceous Potomac Group of Maryland and Virginia. In Geobotany II (ed. Romans, R. C.) 167–202 (Plenum, 1981).
Google Scholar 
80.Maisey, J. G. A new Clupeomorph fish from the Santana Formation (Albian) of NE Brazil. Am. Mus. Novit. 3076, 1–15 (1993).
Google Scholar 
81.Valença, M. M., Neumann, V. H. & Mabesoone, J. M. An overview on Callovian-Cenomanian intracratonic basins of northeast Brazil: Onshore stratigraphic record of the opening of the southern Atlantic. Geol. Acta. 1, 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1344/105.000001614 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
82.Barling, N., Martill, D. M., Heads, S. W. & Gallien, F. High fidelity preservation of fossil insects from the Crato Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Brazil. Cretac. Res. 52(B), 605–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2014.05.007 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
83.Catto, B., Jahnert, R. J., Warren, L. V., Varejão, F. G. & Assine, M. L. The microbial nature of laminated limestones: lessons from the Upper Aptian, Araripe Basin, Brazil. Sediment. Geol. 341, 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.05.007 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
84.Warren, L. V. et al. Stromatolites from the Aptian Crato Formation, a hypersaline lake system in the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil. Facies 63(3), 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-016-0484-6 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar  More