IBGE. (ed Desenvolvimento e Gestão Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística—Ministério do Planejamento) 108 (Ministério do Planejamento, Desenvolvimento e Gestão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 2018).
Dias-Filho, M. B. Diagnóstico das Pastagens no Brasil. 36 (Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, 2014).
Ferraz, J. B. & Felicio, P. E. Production systems—an example from Brazil. Meat Sci. 84, 238–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.06.006 (2010).
Dias-Filho, M. B. Os desafios da produção animal em pastagens na fronteira agrícola brasileira. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 40, 243–252 (2011).
Murgueitio, E., Calle, Z., Uribe, F., Calle, A. & Solorio, B. Native trees and shrubs for the productive rehabilitation of tropical cattle ranching lands. For. Ecol. Manag. 261, 1654–1663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.027 (2011).
Jose, S. Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: An overview. Agrofor. Syst. 76, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9229-7 (2009).
Leme, T., Pires, M. D. A., Verneque, R. D., Alvim, M. J. & Aroeira, L. J. M. Behavior of holstein x zebu crossbreed cows grazing Brachiaria decumbens in a silvipastoral system. Cienc. Agrotecnol. 29, 668–675. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542005000300023 (2005).
Stern, V. M., Adkisson, P. L., G., O. B. & Viktorov, G. A. In Theory and Practice of Biological Control (eds C.B. Huffaker & P.S. Messenger) 593–613 (Academic Press, Cambridge, 1976).
Arellano, L., León-Cortés, J. L., Halffter, G. & Montero, J. Acacia woodlots, cattle and dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) in a Mexican silvopastoral landscape. Rev. Mexicana Biodivers. 84, 650–660. https://doi.org/10.7550/rmb.32911 (2013).
Auad, A. M., Carvalho, C. A., Clemente, M. A. & Prezoto, F. Diversity of social wasps (Hymenoptera) in a silvipastoral system. Sociobiology 55, 627–636 (2010).
Auad, A. M. & de Carvalho, C. A. Faunistic analysis of beetles (coleoptera) in a silvopastoral system. Cienc. Florest. 21, 31–39 (2011).
Auad, A. M., Resende, T. T., da Silva, D. M. & das Graças Fonseca, M. Hymenoptera (Insecta: Hymenoptera) associated with silvopastoral systems. Agrofor. Syst. 85, 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9449-5 (2012).
Giraldo, C., Escobar, F., Chará, J. D. & Calle, Z. The adoption of silvopastoral systems promotes the recovery of ecological processes regulated by dung beetles in the Colombian Andes. Insect Conserv. Divers. 4, 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2010.00112.x (2011).
Jerrentrup, J. S., Wrage-Mönnig, N., Röver, K.-U., Isselstein, J. & McKenzie, A. Grazing intensity affects insect diversity via sward structure and heterogeneity in a long-term experiment. J. Appl. Ecol. 51, 968–977. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12244 (2014).
Auad, A. M. et al. Does the silvopastoral system alter hymenopteran fauna (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in Brachiaria decumbens monocultures?. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 108, 468–473. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/sav035 (2015).
Wink, C., Guedes, J. V. C., Fagundes, C. K. & Rovedder, A. P. Insetos edáficos como indicadores de qualidade ambiental. Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias 4, 60–71 (2005).
Santos, M. S. et al. Riqueza de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) da serapilheira em fragmentos de floresta semidecídua da Mata Atlântica na região do Alto do Rio Grande, MG, Brasil. Iheringia Série Zool. 96, 95–101 (2006).
Huber, J. T. In Insect Biodiversity (eds Robert, G. F. & Peter, H. A.) 419–462 (Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, 2017).
Barbieri, C. A. & Dias, A. M. P. Braconidae (Hymenoptera) fauna in native, degraded and restoration areas of the Vale do Paraiba, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 72, 305–310. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842012000200011 (2012).
Morato, E. F. Efeitos da fragmentação florestal sobre vespas e abelhas solitárias na Amazônia Central. II. Estratificação vertical. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 18, 737–747 (2001).
Morato, E. F. & Campos, L. A. D. O. Efeitos da fragmentação florestal sobre vespas e abelhas solitárias em uma área da Amazônia Central. Rev. Bras. Zool. 17, 429–444 (2000).
Rocha, W. D. O., Dorval, A., Peres Filho, O., Vaez, C. D. A. & Ribeiro, E. S. Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Bioindicadoras de Degradação Ambiental em Poxoréu, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Floresta e Ambiente 22, 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.0049 (2015).
Cosenza, G. W., Andrade, R. P. D., Gomes, D. T. & Rocha, C. M. C. D. Resistência de gramíneas forrageiras à cigarrinha-das-pastagens. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 24, 961–968 (1989).
Hewitt, G. B. Grazing management as a means of regulating spittlebug (homoptera: cercopidae) numbers in central Brazil. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 23, 697–707 (1988).
Souza, J. C., Silva, R. A., Reis, P. R., Queiroz, D. S. & Silva, D. B. Cigarrinhas das pastagens: histórico, bioecologia, prejuízos, monitoramento e medidas de controle. 8 (Epamig, Belo Horizonte, 2008).
Aguirre, L. M., Cardona, C., Miles, J. W. & Sotelo, G. Characterization of resistance to adult spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in Brachiaria spp.. J. Econ. Entomol. 106, 1871–1877. https://doi.org/10.1603/ec11189 (2013).
Shi, L., Feng, W., Xu, J. & Kuzyakov, Y. Agroforestry systems: Meta-analysis of soil carbon stocks, sequestration processes, and future potentials. Land Degrad. Dev. 29, 3886–3897. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3136 (2018).
Kruess, A. & Tscharntke, T. Grazing intensity and the diversity of grasshoppers, butterflies, and trap-nesting bees and wasps. Conserv. Biol. 16, 1570–1580. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01334.x (2002).
Nemec, K. T. & Bragg, T. B. Plant-feeding hemiptera and orthoptera communities in native and restored mesic tallgrass prairies. Restor. Ecol. 16, 324–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00306.x (2008).
Moir, M. L., Brennan, K. E. C., Koch, J. M., Majer, J. D. & Fletcher, M. J. Restoration of a forest ecosystem: The effects of vegetation and dispersal capabilities on the reassembly of plant-dwelling arthropods. For. Ecol. Manag. 217, 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.06.012 (2005).
Cajaiba, R. L. Seasonal patterns in the diversity of histerid beetles (Histeridae) are ecosystem specific? A case in Para State, Northern Brazil. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 15, 1227–1237. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1504_12271237 (2017).
Garcia-Martinez, M. A. et al. Taxonomic, species and functional group diversity of ants in a tropical anthropogenic landscape. Trop. Conserv. Sci. 8, 1017–1032. https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291500800412 (2015).
Zhang, W., Ricketts, T. H., Kremen, C., Carney, K. & Swinton, S. M. Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture. Ecol. Econ. 64, 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.02.024 (2007).
Schweiger, O. et al. Functional richness of local hoverfly communities (Diptera, Syrphidae) in response to land use across temperate Europe. Oikos 116, 461–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15372.x (2007).
Marchao, R. L. et al. Soil macrofauna under integrated crop-livestock systems in a Brazilian Cerrado Ferralsol. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 44, 1011–1020. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204×2009000800033 (2009).
Tidon-Sklorz, R. & Sene, F. D. M. Vertical and temporal distribution of Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) species in a wooded area in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Biol. 52, 311–317 (1992).
Medeiros, H. R. et al. Non-crop habitats modulate alpha and beta diversity of flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Brazilian agricultural landscapes. Biodivers. Conserv. 27, 1309–1326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1495-5 (2017).
Schirmel, J. et al. Landscape complexity promotes hoverflies across different types of semi-natural habitats in farmland. J. Appl. Ecol. 55, 1747–1758. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13095 (2018).
Ricarte, A., Ángeles Marcos-García, M. & Moreno, C. E. Assessing the effects of vegetation type on hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) diversity in a Mediterranean landscape: Implications for conservation. J. Insect Conserv. 15, 865–877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-011-9384-9 (2011).
Letourneau, D. K., Allen, S. G. B. & Stireman, J. O. Perennial habitat fragments, parasitoid diversity and parasitism in ephemeral crops. J. Appl. Ecol. 49, 1405–1416. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12001 (2012).
Giménez Gómez, V. C. et al. Influence of land use on the trophic niche overlap of dung beetles in the semideciduous Atlantic forest of Argentina. Insect Conserv. Divers. 11, 554–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12299 (2018).
Emerich, P., Valadao, H., Silva, J. & Tidon, R. High abundance of neotropical drosophilids (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in four cultivated areas of central Brazil. Neotrop. Entomol. 41, 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-011-0004-x (2012).
Furtado, I. S. & Martins, M. B. The impacts of land use intensification on the assembly of drosophilidae (Diptera). Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 16, e00432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00432 (2018).
Eo, J., Kim, M.-H., Na, Y.-E., Oh, Y.-J. & Park, S. Abiotic effects on the distributions of major insect species in agricultural fields. Entomol. Res. 47, 160–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.12207 (2017).
Alignan, J.-F., Debras, J.-F. & Dutoit, T. Effects of ecological restoration on Orthoptera assemblages in a Mediterranean steppe rangeland. J. Insect Conserv. 18, 1073–1085. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-014-9717-6 (2014).
Kuppler, J., Fricke, J., Hemp, C., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Peters, M. K. Conversion of savannah habitats to small-scale agriculture affects grasshopper communities at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. J. Insect Conserv. 19, 509–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-015-9772-7 (2015).
Poniatowski, D. & Fartmann, T. The classification of insect communities: Lessons from orthopteran assemblages of semi-dry calcareous grasslands in central Germany. Eur. J. Entomol. 105, 659–671. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2008.090 (2008).
Vieira, L., Nascimento, P. K. S. & Leivas, F. W. T. Habitat association promotes diversity of histerid beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae) in neotropical ecosystems. Coleopt. Bull. 72, 541–549. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-72.3.541 (2018).
Martinez-Falcon, A. P., Zurita, G. A., Ortega-Martinez, I. J. & Moreno, C. E. Populations and assemblages living on the edge: Dung beetles responses to forests-pasture ecotones. PeerJ 6, e6148. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6148 (2018).
da Mata, R. A., McGeoch, M. & Tidon, R. Drosophilid assemblages as a bioindicator system of human disturbance in the Brazilian Savanna. Biodivers. Conserv. 17, 2899–2916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9403-7 (2008).
Parsons, P. A. Biodiversity conservation under global climatic-change—the insect Drosophila as a biological indicator. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. Lett. 1, 77–83. https://doi.org/10.2307/2997493 (1991).
Popov, S. et al. Phytophagous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) as indicators of changing landscapes. Community Ecol. 18, 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1556/168.2017.18.3.7 (2017).
Sommaggio, D. & Burgio, G. The use of Syrphidae as functional bioindicator to compare vineyards with different managements. Bull. Insectol. 67, 147–156 (2014).
García-Tejero, S., Taboada, Á, Tárrega, R. & Salgado, J. M. Land use changes and ground dwelling beetle conservation in extensive grazing dehesa systems of north-west Spain. Biol. Conserv. 161, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.02.017 (2013).
Tripathi, G., Ram, S., Sharma, B. M. & Singh, G. Soil faunal biodiversity and nutrient status in silvopastoral systems of Indian desert. Environ. Conserv. 32, 178–188. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892905002109 (2005).
Brosi, B. J., Daily, G. C. & Ehrlich, P. R. Bee community shifts with landscape context in a tropical countryside. Ecol. Appl. 17, 418–430. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0029 (2007).
Matos, M. C. B., Sousa-Souto, L., Almeida, R. S. & Teodoro, A. V. Contrasting patterns of species richness and composition of solitary wasps and bees (Insecta: Hymenoptera) according to land-use. Biotropica 45, 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2012.00886.x (2013).
Gonzalez-Moreno, A., Bordera, S., Leirana-Alcocer, J., Delfin-Gonzalez, H. & Ballina-Gomez, H. S. Explaining variations in the diversity of parasitoid assemblages in a biosphere reserve of Mexico: Evidence from vegetation, land management and seasonality. Bull. Entomol. Res. 108, 602–615. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485317001134 (2018).
Mazon, M. & Bordera, S. Effectiveness of two sampling methods used for collecting Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in the Cabaneros National Park (Spain). Eur. J. Entomol. 105, 879–888. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2008.116 (2008).
Tscharntke, T. et al. Multifunctional shade-tree management in tropical agroforestry landscapes: A review. J. Appl. Ecol. 48, 619–629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01939.x (2011).
Mumme, S., Jochum, M., Brose, U., Haneda, N. F. & Barnes, A. D. Functional diversity and stability of litter-invertebrate communities following land-use change in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biol. Conserv. 191, 750–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.08.033 (2015).
Norgrove, L. & Beck, J. Biodiversity Function and resilience in tropical agroforestry systems including shifting cultivation. Curr. For. Rep. 2, 62–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-016-0032-1 (2016).
Orford, K. A., Murray, P. J., Vaughan, I. P. & Memmott, J. Modest enhancements to conventional grassland diversity improve the provision of pollination services. J. Appl. Ecol. 53, 906–915. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12608 (2016).
Ruiz-Guerra, B., López-Acosta, J. C., Zaldivar-Riverón, A. & Velázquez-Rosas, N. Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) abundance and richness in four types of land use and preserved rain forest in southern Mexico. Rev. Mexicana Biodivers. 86, 164–171. https://doi.org/10.7550/rmb.43865 (2015).
Sanabria, C., Lavelle, P. & Fonte, S. J. Ants as indicators of soil-based ecosystem services in agroecosystems of the Colombian Llanos. Appl. Soil. Ecol. 84, 24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2014.07.001 (2014).
Marinho, C. G. S., Zanetti, R., Delabie, J. H. C., Schlindwein, M. N. & Ramos, L. S. Diversidade de Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) da Serapilheira em Eucaliptais (Myrtaceae) e Área de Cerrado de Minas Gerais. Neotrop. Entomol. 31, 187–195 (2002).
Mazon, M., Sanchez-Angarita, D., Diaz, F. A., Gutierrez, N. & Jaimez, R. Entomofauna Associated with agroforestry systems of timber species and Cacao in the Southern Region of the Maracaibo Lake Basin (Merida, Venezuela). Insects. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9020046 (2018).
Riedel, J., Dorn, S. & Mody, K. Assemblage composition of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) affected by tree diversity and density in native timber tree plantations on former tropical pasture. Myrmecol. News 20, 113–127 (2014).
Lubertazzi, D. & Tschinkel, W. R. Ant community change across a ground vegetation gradient in north Florida’s longleaf pine flatwoods. J. Insect Sci. 3, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.003.2101 (2003).
Yanoviak, S. P. & Kaspari, M. Community structure and the habitat templet: Ants in the tropical forest canopy and litter. Oikos 89, 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890206.x (2000).
Ramirez, M., Herrera, J. & Armbrecht, I. Do ants predating in Colombian pastures and coffee plantations come down from the trees?. Rev. Colomb. Entomol. 36, 106–115 (2010).
Queiroz, J. M., Almeida, F. S. & Pereira, M. P. D. S. Conservação da biodiversidade e o papel das formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em agroecossistemas. Floresta e Ambiente 13, 37–45 (2006).
Stein, A., Gerstner, K. & Kreft, H. Environmental heterogeneity as a universal driver of species richness across taxa, biomes and spatial scales. Ecol. Lett. 17, 866–880. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12277 (2014).
Bar-Massada, A. & Wood, E. M. The richness-heterogeneity relationship differs between heterogeneity measures within and among habitats. Ecography 37, 528–535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00590.x (2014).
Yang, L., Maron, J. L. & Callaway, R. M. Inhibitory effects of soil biota are ameliorated by high plant diversity. Oecologia 179, 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3351-1 (2015).
Jacques, G. C., Souza, M. M., Coelho, H. J., Vicente, L. O. & Silveira, L. C. P. Diversity of social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) in an agricultural environment in Bambui, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Sociobiology 62, 439–445. https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i3.738 (2015).
Prezoto, F., Santos-Prezoto, H. H., Machado, V. L. L. & Zanuncio, J. C. Prey captured and used in Polistes versicolor (Olivier) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) nourishment. Neotrop. Entomol. 35, 707–709. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-566×2006000500021 (2006).
Korösi, Á, Batáry, P., Orosz, A., Rédei, D. & Báldi, A. Effects of grazing, vegetation structure and landscape complexity on grassland leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) and true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Hungary. Insect Conserv. Divers. 5, 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00153.x (2012).
Burdine, J. D., Dominguez Martinez, G. H. & Philpott, S. M. Predictors of leafhopper abundance and richness in a coffee agroecosystem in Chiapas, Mexico. Environ. Entomol. 43, 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN13251 (2014).
Genung, W. G. & Mead, F. W. Leafhopper populations (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on five pasture grasses in the Florida Everglades. Fla. Entomol. 52, 165–170 (1969).
Quisenberry, S. S., Yonke, T. R. & Huggans, J. L. Leafhoppers Associated with Mixed Tall Fescue Pastures in Missouri (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 52, 421–437 (1979).
Bhandari, K. B., West, C. P. & Longing, S. D. Communities of canopy-dwelling arthropods in response to diverse forages. Ael. https://doi.org/10.2134/ael2018.07.0037 (2018).
Wolcott, G. N. An animal census of two pastures and a Meadow in Northern New York. Ecol. Monogr. 7, 1–90 (1937).
Auad, A. M. et al. Seleção de genótipos de capim-elefante quanto à resistência à cigarrinha-das-pastagens. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 42, 1077–1081 (2007).
Valerio, J. R. & Nakano, O. Damage caused by the pasture spittlebug Zulia entreriana on production and quality of Brachiaria decumbens. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 23, 447–453 (1988).
Holzinger, W. E., Emeljanov, A. F. & Kammerlander, I. In Zikaden—Leafhoppers, Planthoppers and Cicadas (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) Vol. 4 Denisia (ed. Holzinger, W.E.) 113–138 (Biologiezentrum, Linz, 2002).
Urban, J. M. & Cryan, J. R. Evolution of the planthoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 42, 556–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.009 (2007).
Klimes, P., Borovanska, M., Plowman, N. S. & Leponce, M. How common is trophobiosis with hoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) inside ant nests (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)? Novel interactions from New Guinea and a worldwide overview. Myrmecol. News 26, 31–45 (2018).
Bachtold, A., Alves-Silva, E., Kaminski, L. A. & Del-Claro, K. The role of tending ants in host plant selection and egg parasitism of two facultative myrmecophilous butterflies. Die Naturwissenschaften 101, 913–919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-014-1232-9 (2014).
Kaminski, L. A., Freitas, A. V. & Oliveira, P. S. Interaction between Mutualisms: Ant-tended butterflies exploit enemy-free space provided by ant-treehopper associations. Am. Nat. 176, 322–334. https://doi.org/10.1086/655427 (2010).
Kaminski, L. A. & Rodrigues, D. Species-specific levels of ant attendance mediate performance costs in a facultative myrmecophilous butterfly. Physiol. Entomol. 36, 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2011.00785.x (2011).
Mota, L. L. & Oliveira, P. S. Myrmecophilous butterflies utilise ant-treehopper associations as visual cues for oviposition. Ecol. Entomol. 41, 338–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12302 (2016).
Sendoya, S. F. & Oliveira, P. S. Ant-caterpillar antagonism at the community level: Interhabitat variation of tritrophic interactions in a neotropical savanna. J. Anim. Ecol. 84, 442–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12286 (2015).
Townes, H. A light-weight Malaise trap. Entomol. News 83, 239–247 (1972).
Rafael, J. A., Melo, G. A. R., Carvalho, C. J. B. D., Casari, S. A. & Constantino, R. Insetos do Brasil: Diversidade e Taxonomia (Holos Editora, Ribeirão Preto, 2012).
Triplehorn, C. A. & Johnson, N. F. Estudo dos Insetos 2nd edn, 757 (Cengage Learning, Boston, 2015).
Fujihara, R. T., Forti, L. C., Almeida, M. C. D. & Baldin, E. L. L. Insetos de Importância Econômica: Guia Ilustrado para Identificação de Famílias. 391 (FEPAF, 2011).
R: A language and environment for statistical computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2019).
Gotelli, N. J. & Colwell, R. K. Quantifying biodiversity: Procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecol. Lett. 4, 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00230.x (2001).
EstimateS: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. (University of Connecticut, Connecticut, 2013).
Shannon, C. E. & Weaver, W. The Mathematical Theory of Communication 117 (The University of Illinois Press, Champaign, 1949).
Hammer, O., Harper, D. A. T. & Ryan, P. D. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electron. 4, 1–9 (2001).
Clarke, K. R. Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Aust. J. Ecol. 18, 117–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x (1993).
PRIMER v7 (PRIMER-E, Plymouth, 2015).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
