
Sarno, S. et al. Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and southern Italy trace multiple migration routes along the Mediterranean. Sci. Rep. 7, 1984 (2017).
Broodbank, C. The Making of the Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World (Thames & Hudson, 2013).
van Dommelen, P. Colonialism and migration in the ancient Mediterranean. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 41, 393–409 (2012).
Van Klinken, G. J., Van der Plicht, H. & Hedges, R. E. M. Bone 13C/12C ratios reflect (palaeo-)climatic variations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 445–448 (1994).
Szpak P. Complexities of nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry in plant-soil systems: implications for the study of ancient agricultural and animal management practices. Front. Plant Sci. 5, article 288 (2014).
Hoogewerff, J. A. et al. Bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr in European soils: A baseline for provenancing studies. Sci. Tot. Environ. 672, 1033–1044 (2019).
Gat, J. R. & Carmi, I. Evolution of the isotopic composition of atmospheric waters in the Mediterranean Sea area. J. Geophys. Res. 75, 3039–3048 (1970).
Craig, H. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science 133, 1702–1703 (1961).
Pfahl, S. & Sodemann, H. What controls deuterium excess in global precipitation? Clim. Past 10, 771–781 (2014).
Rubenstein, D. R. et al. Linking breeding and wintering ranges of a migratory songbird using stable isotopes. Science 295, 1062–1065 (2002).
Hobson, K. A., Van Wilgenburg, S. L., Wassenaar, L. I. & Larson, K. Linking hydrogen (δ2H) isotopes in feathers and precipitation: sources of variance and consequences for assignment to isoscapes. PLoS ONE 7, e35137 EP (2012).
Ehleringer, J. R. et al. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in human hair are related to geography. PNAS 105, 2788–2793 (2008).
Pellegrini, M., Pouncett, J., Jay, M., Pearson, M. P. & Richards, M. P. Tooth enamel oxygen “isoscapes” show a high degree of human mobility in prehistoric Britain. Sci. Rep. 6, 34986 (2016).
Vaiglova, P. et al. Climate stability and societal decline on the margins of the Byzantine empire in the Negev Desert. Sci. Rep. 10, 1512 (2020).
Cormie, A. B., Schwarcz, H. P. & Gray, J. Relation between hydrogen isotopic ratios of bone collagen and rain. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 377–391 (1994).
Tuross, N., Warinner, C., Kirsanow, K. & Kester, C. Organic oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in a porcine controlled dietary study. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22, 1741–1745 (2008).
Kirsanow, K. & Tuross, N. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in rodent tissues: Impact of diet, water and ontogeny. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 310, 9–16 (2011).
Topalov, K., Schimmelmann, A., Polly, P. D., Sauer, P. E. & Viswanathan, S. Stable isotopes of H, C and N in mice bone collagen as a reflection of isotopically controlled food and water intake. Isotopes Environ. Health Stud. 55, 129–149 (2019).
Kirsanow, K., Makarewicz, C. & Tuross, N. Stable oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δD) isotopes in ovicaprid dentinal collagen record seasonal variation. J. Archaeol. Sci. 35, 3159–3167 (2008).
Hedges, R. E. M., Clement, J. G., Thomas, C. D. L. & O’Connell, T. C. Collagen turnover in the adult femoral mid-shaft: modeled from anthropogenic radiocarbon tracer measurements. Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol. 133, 808–816 (2007).
Koon, H. & Tuross, N. The Dutch whalers: a test of a human migration in the oxygen, carbon and nitrogen isotopes of cortical bone collagen. World Archaeol. 45, 360–372 (2013).
Reynard, L. M., Meltzer, D. J., Emslie, S. D. & Tuross, N. Stable isotopes in yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) fossils reveal environmental stability in the late Quaternary of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Quatern Res. 83, 345–354 (2015).
Nagy, K. A. & Peterson, C. C. Scaling of water flux rate in animals (University of California Press, 1988).
Bryant, J. D. & Froehlich, P. N. A model of oxygen isotope fractionation in body water of large animals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 4523–4537 (1995).
Ehleringer, J. R. & Dawson, T. E. Water uptake by plants: perspectives from stable isotope composition. Plant Cell Environ. 15, 1073–1082 (1992).
Reynard, L. M. & Hedges, R. E. M. Stable hydrogen isotopes of bone collagen in palaeodietary and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. J. Archaeol. Sci. 35, 1934–1942 (2008).
Topalov, K., Schimmelmann, A., Polly, P. D., Sauer, P. E. & Lowry, M. Environmental, trophic, and ecological factors influencing bone collagen δ2H. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 111, 88–104 (2013).
Bogaard, A. et al. Crop manuring and intensive land management by Europe’s first farmers. PNAS 110, 12589–12594 (2013).
Styring, A. K., Fraser, R. A., Bogaard, A. & Evershed, R. P. The effect of manuring on cereal and pulse amino acid δ15N values. Phytochemistry 102, 40–45 (2014).
Brettell, R., Montgomery, J. & Evans, J. Brewing and stewing: the effect of culturally mediated behaviour on the oxygen isotope composition of ingested fluids and the implications for human provenance studies. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 27, 778–785 (2012).
Tuross, N., Reynard, L. M., Harvey, E., Coppa, A. & McCormick, M. Human skeletal development and feeding behavior: the impact on oxygen isotopes. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 9, 1–7 (2017).
Hobson, K. A. & Koehler, G. On the use of stable oxygen isotope (δ18O) measurements for tracking avian movements in North America. Ecol. Evol. 5, 799–806 (2015).
von Holstein, I. C. C. et al. Collagen proteins exchange oxygen with demineralisation and gelatinisation reagents and also with atmospheric moisture. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 32, 523–534 (2018).
Reynard, L. M. & Tuross, N. Hydrogen isotopic analysis with a chromium-packed reactor of organic compounds of relevance to ecological, archaeological, and forensic applications. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 30, 1857–1864 (2016).
Reynard, L. M., Ryan, S. E. & Tuross, N. The interconversion of δ 2H values of collagen between thermal conversion reactor configurations. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 33, 678–682 (2019).
Díaz-del-Río, P. et al. Diet and mobility patterns in the late prehistory of central Iberia (4000-1400 cal BC): the evidence of radiogenic (87Sr/86Sr) and stable (δ18O, δ13C) isotope ratios. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 9, 1–14 (2017).
IAEA/WMO. Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation. The GNIP Database. Accessible at, http://www.iaea.org/water (2019).
Bowen, G. J. & Revenaugh, J. Interpolating the isotopic composition of modern meteoric precipitation. Water Resources Research 39, 1299 (2003).
IAEA/WMO. Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation. The GNIP Database. Accessible at, http://www.iaea.org/water (2015).
Bowen, G. J. Gridded maps of the isotopic composition of meteoric waters. Accessible at, http://www.waterisotopes.org (2019).
Wessel, P. & Smith, W. H. F. Free software helps map and display data. EOS Trans. AGU 72, 441–448 (1991).
Wessel, P., Smith, W. H. F., Scharroo, R., Luis, W. H. F. & Wobbe, F. Generic Mapping Tools: Improved version released. EOS Trans. AGU 94, 409–410 (2013).
Source: Ecology - nature.com