Higham, T. E. The integration of locomotion and prey capture in vertebrates: morphology, behavior, and performance. Integr. Comp. Biol. 47, 82–95 (2007).
Ydenberg, R. C. & Dill, L. M. The economics of fleeing from predators. Adv. Stud. Behav. 16, 229–249 (1986).
Cooper, W. E. Jr. & Frederick, W. G. Optimal flight initiation distance. J. Theor. Biol. 244, 59–67 (2007).
Darwin, C. The Voyage of the Beagle (Doubleday and Co, New York, 1962).
Arnold, E. N. Identifying the effects of history on adaptation – origins of different sand-diving techniques in lizards. J. Zool. 235, 351–388 (1995).
Attum, O., Eason, P. & Cobbs, G. Morphology, niche segregation, and escape tactics in a sand dune lizard community. J. Arid Environ. 68, 564–573 (2007).
Kacoliris, F., Williams, J. & Molinari, A. Selection of key features of vegetation and escape behavior in the sand dune lizard (Liolaemus multimaculatus). Anim. Biol. 60, 157–167 (2010).
Arnold, S. J. Morphology, performance and fitness. Am. Zool. 23, 347–361 (1983).
Losos, J. B. & Sinervo, B. The effect of morphology and perch diameter on sprint performance of Anolis Lizards. J. Exp. Biol. 145, 23–30 (1989).
Losos, J. B. & Irschick, D. J. The effect of perch diameter on escape behavior of Anolis lizards: laboratory predictions and field tests. Anim. Behav. 51, 593–602 (1996).
Luke, C. Convergent evolution of lizard toe fringes. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 27, 1–16 (1986).
Carothers, J. H. An experimental confirmation of morphological adaptation: toe fringes in the sand-dwelling lizard Uma scoparia. Evolution 40, 871–874 (1986).
Irschick, D. J. & Jayne, B. C. Effects of incline on speed, acceleration, body posture and hindlimb kinematics in two species of lizard Callisaurus draconoides and Uma scoparia. J. Exp. Biol. 21, 273–287 (1998).
Korff, W. L. & McHenry, M. J. Environmental differences in substrate mechanics do not affect sprinting performance in sand lizards (Uma scoparia and Callisaurus draconoides). J. Exp. Biol. 214, 122–130 (2011).
Bergmann, P. J. & Irschick, D. J. Alternate pathways of body shape evolution translate into common patterns of locomotor evolution in two clades of lizards. Evolution 64, 1569–1582 (2010).
Li, C., Hsieh, S. T. & Goldman, D. I. Multi-functional foot use during running in the zebra-tailed lizard (Callisaurus draconoides). J. Exp. Biol. 215, 3293–3308 (2012).
Zhao, E. M., Zhao, K. T. & Zhou, K. Y. Fauna Sinica, Reptilian Vol. 2, Squamata (Beijing Science Press, Beijing, Lacertilia, 1999).
Solovyeva, E. N. et al. Cenozoic aridization in Central Eurasia shaped diversification of toad-headed agamas (Phrynocephalus; Agamidae, Reptilia). Peer. J. 6, e4543 (2018).
Jiang, Z. G. et al. Red List of China’s Vertebrates. Biodivers. Sci. 24, 550–551 (2016).
Du, W. G., Lin, C. X., Shou, L. & Ji, X. Morphological correlates of locomotor performance in four species of lizards using different habitats. Zool. Res. 26, 41–46 (2005).
Pérez, A. & Fabré, N. N. Spatial population structure of the Neotropical tiger catfish Pseudoplatystoma metaense: skull and otolith shape variation. J. Fish Biol. 82, 1453–1468 (2013).
Higham, T. E. & Russel, A. P. Divergence in locomotor performance, ecology, and morphology between two sympatric sister species of desert-dwelling gecko. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 101, 860–869 (2010).
King, R. B. Analyzing the relationship between clutch size and female body size in reptiles. J. Herpetol. 34, 148–150 (2000).
Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: apractical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. B. 57, 289–300 (1995).
Imdadullah, M., Aslam, M. & Altaf, S. mctest: an R package for detection of collinearity among regressors. R. J. 8, 495–505 (2016).
Carrascal, L. M., Galván, I. & Gordo, O. Partial least squares regression as an alternative to current regression methods used in ecology. Oikos 118, 681–690 (2009).
Garthwaite, P. H. An interpretation of partial least squares. J. Am. Stat. Ass. 89, 122–127 (1994).
Abdi, H. Partial least squares regression and projection on latent structure regression. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. 2, 97–106 (2010).
Lesku, J. A., Roth, T. C. II., Amlaner, C. J. & Lima, S. L. A phylogenetic analysis of sleep architecture in mammals: the integration of anatomy, physiology, and ecology. Am. Nat. 168, 441–453 (2006).
Mitchell, R. J. Testing evolutionary and ecological hypotheses using path analysis and structural equation modeling. Funct. Ecol. 6, 123–129 (1992).
Wootton, J. T. Predicting direct and indirect effects: an integrated approach using experiments and path analysis. Ecology 75, 151–165 (1994).
Arnold, S. J. Species densities of predators and their prey. Am. Nat. 106, 220–236 (1972).
Team, R. C. A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org/ (2020).
Irschick, D. J. & Garland, T. Jr. Integrating function and ecology in studies of adaptation: investigations of locomotor capacity as a model system. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 32, 367–396 (2001).
Damme, R. V. & Vanhooydonck, B. Origins of interspecific variation in lizard sprint capacity. Funct. Ecol. 15, 186–202 (2001).
Ballinger, R. E., Nietfeldt, J. W. & Krupa, J. J. An experimental analysis of the role of the tail in a high running speed in Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Reptilia; Squamata: Lacertilia). Herpetology 35, 114–116 (1979).
Downes, S. & Shine, R. Why does tail loss increase a lizard’s later vulnerability to snake predators?. Ecology 82, 1293–1303 (2001).
Johnson, T. P., Swoap, S. J., Bennett, A. F. & Josephson, R. K. Body size, muscle power output and limitations on burst locomotor performance in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. J. Exp. Biol. 174, 185–197 (1993).
Punzo, F. Tail Autotomy and running speed in the lizards Cophosaurus texanus and Uma notata. J. Herpetol. 16, 329–331 (1982).
Borges-Landáez, P. A. & Shine, R. Influence of toe-clipping on running speed in Eulamprus quoyii, an Australian scincid lizard. J. Herpetol. 37, 592–595 (2003).
Vanhooydonck, B., Damme, R. V. & Aerts, P. Variation in speed, gait characteristics and microhabitat use in lacertid lizards. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 1037–1046 (2002).
Darwin, C. R. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1859).
Losos, J. B. Adaptive radiation, ecological opportunity, and evolutionary determinism. Am. Nat. 175, 623–639 (2010).
Ricklefs, R. E. & Miles, D. B. Ecological and evolutionary inferences from morphology: an ecological perspective. In Ecological Morphology: Integrative and Organismal Biology (eds Wainwright, P. C. & Reilly, S. M.) 13–41 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1994).
Dornburg, A., Sidlaukas, B., Santini, F. & Alfaro, N. M. E. The influence of an innovative locomotor strategy on the phenotypic diversifcation of triggerfsh (Family: Balistidae). Evolution 65, 1912–1926 (2011).
Vermeij, G. J. Historical contingency and the purported uniqueness of evolutionary innovations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 1804–1809 (2006).
Collins, C. E. & Higham, T. E. Individuals of the common Namib Day Gecko vary in how adaptive simplification alters sprint biomechanics. Sci. Rep. 7, 15595 (2017).
Cameron, S. F., Wynn, M. L. & Wilson, R. S. Sex-specific trade-offs and compensatory mechanisms: bite force and sprint speed pose conflicting demands on the design of geckos (Hemidactylus frenatus). J. Exp. Biol. 216, 3781–3789 (2013).
Stebbins, R. C. Some aspects of the ecology of the iguanid genus Uma. Ecol. Monogr. 14, 311–332 (1944).
Evans, J. S., Eifler, D. A. & Eifler, M. A. Sand-diving as an escape tactic in the lizard Meroles anchietae. J. Arid Environ. 140, 1–5 (2017).
Halloy, M., Etheridge, R. & Burghardt, G. M. To bury in sand: Phylogenetic relationships among lizard species of the boulengeri group, Liolaemus (Reptilia: Squamata: Tropiduridae), based on behavioral characters. Herpetol. Monogr. 12, 1–37 (1998).
Bauwens, D., Garland, T., Castilla, A. M. & Van Damme, R. Evolution of sprint speed in lacertid lizards: morphological, physiological, and behavioral covariation. Evolution 49, 848–863 (1995).
Bonine, K. E. & Garland, T. J. Sprint performance of phrynosomatid lizards, measured on a high-speed treadmill, correlates with hindlimb length. J. Zool. 248, 255–265 (1999).
Shimada, T., Kadau, D., Shinbrot, T. & Herrmann, H. J. Swimming in granular media. Phys. Rev. E. 80, 020301 (2009).
Maladen, R. D., Ding, Y., Li, C. & Goldman, D. I. Undulatory swimming in sand: subsurface locomotion of the sandfish lizard. Sci. 325, 314–318 (2009).
Sharpe, S. S., Ding, Y. & Goldman, D. I. Environmental interaction influences muscle activation strategy during sand-swimming in the sandfish lizard Scincus scincus. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 260–274 (2013).
Edwards, S., Herrel, A., Vanhooydonck, B., Measey, G. J. & Tolley, K. A. Diving in head first: morphology and performance is linked to predator escape strategy in desert lizards (Meroles, Lacertidae, Squamata). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 119, 919–931 (2016).
Bergmann, P. J., Pettinelli, K. J., Crockett, M. E. & Schaper, E. G. It’s just sand between the toes: how particle size and shape variation affect running performance and kinematics in a generalist lizard. J. Exp. Biol. 220, 3706–3716 (2017).
Arnold, E. N. Why do morphological phylogenies vary in quality—an investigation based on the comparative history of lizard clades. Proc. R. Soc. B. 240, 135–172 (1990).
Stellatelli, O. A., Block, C., Vega, L. E. & Cruz, F. B. Nonnative vegetation induces changes in predation pressure and escape behavior of two sand lizards (Liolaemidae: Liolaemus). Herpetology 71, 136–142 (2015).
Etheridge, R. & de Queiroz, K. A phylogeny of Iguanidae. In Phylogenetic relationships of the lizard families, essays commemorating Charles L. Camp (eds Estes, R. & Pregill, G.) 283–368 (Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1988).
Pang, J. F. et al. A phylogeny of Chinese species in the genus Phrynocephalus (Agamidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 27, 398–409 (2003).
Guo, X. & Wang, Y. Partitioned Bayesian analyses, dispersal—vicariance analysis, and the biogeography of Chinese toad-headed lizards (Agamidae: Phrynocephalus): a reevaluation. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45, 643–662 (2007).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
