West, S. A. & Ghoul, M. Conflict within cooperation. Curr. Biol. 29, R425–R426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.028 (2019).
Google Scholar
Darwin, C. The Origin of Species. (John Murray, 1859).
Pennisi, E. How did cooperative behavior evolve?. Science 309, 93–93. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.309.5731.93 (2005).
Google Scholar
Ghoul, M., Andersen, S. B. & West, S. A. Sociomics: Using omic approaches to understand social evolution. Trends Genet. 33, 408–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2017.03.009 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kay, T., Lehmann, L. & Keller, L. Kin selection and altruism. Curr. Biol. 29, R438–R442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.067 (2019).
Google Scholar
Rodrigues, A. M. & Kokko, H. Models of social evolution: Can we do better to predict ‘who helps whom to achieve what’?. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 371, 20150088 (2016).
Google Scholar
Strassmann, J. E., Page, R. E. Jr., Robinson, G. E. & Seeley, T. D. Kin selection and eusociality. Nature 471, E5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09833 (2011).
Google Scholar
Silk, J. B. Nepotistic cooperation in non-human primate groups. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 364, 3243–3254. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0118 (2009).
Google Scholar
Foerster, S. et al. Social bonds in the dispersing sex: Partner preferences among adult female chimpanzees. Anim. Behav. 105, 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.012 (2015).
Google Scholar
Bourke, A. F. G. Hamilton’s rule and the causes of social evolution. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0362 (2014).
Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I. II. J. Theor. Biol. 7, 1–52 (1964).
Google Scholar
Chapais, B. In Cooperation in Primates and Humans: Mechanisms and Evolution (eds Kappeler, P. M. & van Schaik, C. P.) 47–64 (Springer, 2006).
Borgeaud, C. & Bshary, R. Wild vervet monkeys trade tolerance and specific coalitionary support for grooming in experimentally induced conflicts. Curr. Biol. 25, 3011–3016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.016 (2015).
Google Scholar
Massen, J. J. M. In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior (eds. Vonk, J. & Shackelford, T.) 1–6 (Springer International Publishing, 2017).
Cords, M. & Thompson, N. A. In APA Handbook of Comparative Psychology: Basic Concepts, Methods, Neural Substrate, and Behavior, Vol. 1 APA Handbooks in Psychology®. 899–913 (American Psychological Association, 2017).
Barclay, P. Biological markets and the effects of partner choice on cooperation and friendship. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 7, 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.07.012 (2016).
Google Scholar
Samuni, L. et al. Social bonds facilitate cooperative resource sharing in wild chimpanzees. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 285, 20181643 (2018).
Google Scholar
St-Pierre, A., Larose, K. & Dubois, F. Long-term social bonds promote cooperation in the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 276, 4223–4228. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1156 (2009).
Google Scholar
Berghänel, A., Ostner, J., Schröder, U. & Schülke, O. Social bonds predict future cooperation in male Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus. Anim. Behav. 81, 1109–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.02.009 (2011).
Google Scholar
Thompson, N. A. Understanding the links between social ties and fitness over the life cycle in primates. Behaviour 156, 859. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-00003552 (2019).
Google Scholar
Caro, T. M. Cheetah mothers bias parental investment in favour of cooperating sons. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 2, 381–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1990.9525399 (1990).
Google Scholar
Lukas, D. & Clutton-Brock, T. Social complexity and kinship in animal societies. Ecol. Lett. 21, 1129–1134. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13079 (2018).
Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. Cooperation between non-kin in animal societies. Nature 462, 51–57 (2009).
Google Scholar
Riehl, C. Living with strangers: Direct benefits favour non-kin cooperation in a communally nesting bird. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 278, 1728–1735 (2011).
Google Scholar
Carter, G. G. & Wilkinson, G. S. Social benefits of non-kin food sharing by female vampire bats. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20152524. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2524 (2015).
Google Scholar
Boesch, C., Kohou, G., Néné, H. & Vigilant, L. Male competition and paternity in wild chimpanzees of the Taï forest. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 130, 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20341 (2006).
Google Scholar
Mitani, J. C., Merriwether, D. A. & Zhang, C. Male affiliation, cooperation and kinship in wild chimpanzees. Anim. Behav. 59, 885–893 (2000).
Google Scholar
Wroblewski, E. E. et al. Male dominance rank and reproductive success in chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. Anim. Behav. 77, 873–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.12.014 (2009).
Google Scholar
Díaz-Muñoz, S. L., Du Val, E. H., Krakauer, A. H. & Lacey, E. A. Cooperating to compete: Altruism, sexual selection and causes of male reproductive cooperation. Anim. Behav. 88, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.11.008 (2014).
Google Scholar
Diaz-Aguirre, F., Parra, G. J., Passadore, C. & Möller, L. Kinship influences social bonds among male southern Australian bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops cf. australis). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72, 190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2621-4 (2018).
Google Scholar
Parsons, K. M. et al. Kinship as a basis for alliance formation between male bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in the Bahamas. Anim. Behav. 66, 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2003.2186 (2003).
Google Scholar
Möller, L. M., Beheregaray, L. B., Harcourt, R. G. & Krützen, M. Alliance membership and kinship in wild male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) of southeastern Australia. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 268, 1941–1947. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1756 (2001).
Google Scholar
Wells, R. S. In Primates and Cetaceans: Field Research and Conservation of Complex Mammalian Societies (eds Yamagiwa, J. & Karczmarski, L.) 149–172 (Springer Japan, 2014).
Connor, R. C., Wells, R. S., Mann, J. & Read, A. J. In Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales (eds Mann, J, Connor, R.C., Tyack, P., & Whitehead, H.) 91–126 (University of Chicago Press, 2000).
Trivers, R. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Q. Rev. Biol. 46, 35–57 (1971).
Google Scholar
Connor, R. C. Pseudo-reciprocity: Investing in mutualism. Anim. Behav. 34, 1562–1566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80225-1 (1986).
Google Scholar
Connor, R. C. The benefits of mutualism: A conceptual framework. Biol. Rev. 70, 427–457. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1995.tb01196.x (1995).
Google Scholar
West-Eberhard, M. J. The evolution of social behavior by kin selection. Q. Rev. Biol. 50, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1086/408298 (1975).
Google Scholar
Randić, S., Connor, R. C., Sherwin, W. B. & Krützen, M. A novel mammalian social structure in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.): Complex male alliances in an open social network. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 279, 3083–3090. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0264 (2012).
Google Scholar
Krützen, M., Barré, L. M., Connor, R. C., Mann, J. & Sherwin, W. B. ‘O father: where art thou?’—Paternity assessment in an open fission–fusion society of wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Mol. Ecol. 13, 1975–1990. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02192.x (2004).
Google Scholar
Connor, R. C. & Krützen, M. Male dolphin alliances in Shark Bay: Changing perspectives in a 30-year study. Anim. Behav. 103, 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.02.019 (2015).
Google Scholar
Connor, R. C., Heithaus, M. R. & Barre, L. M. Complex social structure, alliance stability and mating access in a bottlenose dolphin ‘super-alliance’. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 268, 263–267 (2001).
Google Scholar
Mann, J., Connor, R. C., Barre, L. M. & Heithaus, M. R. Female reproductive success in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.): Life history, habitat, provisioning, and group-size effects. Behav. Ecol. 11, 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/11.2.210 (2000).
Google Scholar
Smolker, R. A., Richards, A. F., Connor, R. C. & Pepper, J. W. Sex differences in patterns of association among Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins. Behaviour 123, 38–69. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853992X00101 (1992).
Google Scholar
Krützen, M. et al. Contrasting relatedness patterns in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) with different alliance strategies. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 270, 497–502 (2003).
Google Scholar
Gerber, L. et al. Affiliation history and age similarity predict alliance formation in adult male bottlenose dolphins. Behav. Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz195 (2020).
Google Scholar
Smith, J. E. Hamilton’s legacy: Kinship, cooperation and social tolerance in mammalian groups. Anim. Behav. 92, 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.02.029 (2014).
Google Scholar
Connor, R. C. Cooperation beyond the dyad: on simple models and a complex society. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 365, 2687–2697. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0150 (2010).
Google Scholar
Krzyszczyk, E., Patterson, E. M., Stanton, M. A. & Mann, J. The transition to independence: Sex differences in social and behavioural development of wild bottlenose dolphins. Anim. Behav. 129, 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.04.011 (2017).
Google Scholar
Molesti, S. & Majolo, B. Cooperation in wild Barbary macaques: Factors affecting free partner choice. Anim. Cogn. 19, 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0919-4 (2016).
Google Scholar
Carter, G. G. & Wilkinson, G. S. Food sharing in vampire bats: Reciprocal help predicts donations more than relatedness or harassment. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 280, 20122573–20122573. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2573 (2013).
Google Scholar
Young, C., Majolo, B., Schülke, O. & Ostner, J. Male social bonds and rank predict supporter selection in cooperative aggression in wild Barbary macaques. Anim. Behav. 95, 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.06.007 (2014).
Google Scholar
Gilby, I. C. et al. Fitness benefits of coalitionary aggression in male chimpanzees. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 67, 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-012-1457-6 (2013).
Google Scholar
Cronin, K. A. Prosocial behaviour in animals: The influence of social relationships, communication and rewards. Anim. Behav. 84, 1085–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.08.009 (2012).
Google Scholar
Schino, G. & Aureli, F. In Advances in the Study of Behavior, Vol. 39, 45–69 (Academic Press, 2009).
Watts, D. P. & Mitani, J. C. Boundary patrols and intergroup encounters in wild chimpanzees. Behaviour 138, 299–327 (2001).
Google Scholar
Connor, R. C., Watson-Capps, J. J., Sherwin, W. B. & Krützen, M. A new level of complexity in the male alliance networks of Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.). Biol. Lett. 7, 623–626. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0852 (2011).
Google Scholar
Silk, J. B., Alberts, S. C. & Altmann, J. Social relationships among adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) II. Variation in the quality and stability of social bonds. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 61, 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-006-0250-9 (2006).
Google Scholar
Silk, J. B. et al. Female chacma baboons form strong, equitable, and enduring social bonds. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 64, 1733–1747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-0986-0 (2010).
Google Scholar
Silk, J. B., Alberts, S. C., Altmann, J., Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. Stability of partner choice among female baboons. Anim. Behav. 83, 1511–1518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.028 (2012).
Google Scholar
Mitani, J. C. Male chimpanzees form enduring and equitable social bonds. Anim. Behav. 77, 633–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.11.021 (2009).
Google Scholar
Bizzozzero, M. R. et al. Tool use and social homophily among male bottlenose dolphins. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 286, 20190898 (2019).
Google Scholar
Massen, J. J. M. & Koski, S. E. Chimps of a feather sit together: Chimpanzee friendships are based on homophily in personality. Evol. Hum. Behav. 35, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.08.008 (2014).
Google Scholar
Mourier, J., Vercelloni, J. & Planes, S. Evidence of social communities in a spatially structured network of a free-ranging shark species. Anim. Behav. 83, 389–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.11.008 (2012).
Google Scholar
Mitani, J. C., Watts, D. P., Pepper, J. W. & Merriwether, D. A. Demographic and social constraints on male chimpanzee behaviour. Anim. Behav. 64, 727–737. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2002.4014 (2002).
Google Scholar
Ruckstuhl, K. E. & Neuhaus, P. Behavioral synchrony in ibex groups: Effects of age, sex and habitat. Behaviour 138, 1033. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853901753286551 (2001).
Google Scholar
Hammerstein, P. & Noë, R. Biological trade and markets. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0101 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sandel, A. A., Langergraber, K. E. & Mitani, J. C. Adolescent male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) form social bonds with their brothers and others during the transition to adulthood. Am. J. Primatol. 82, e23091. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23091 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sherman, P. W. Kinship, demography, and belding’s ground squirrel nepotism. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 8, 251–259 (1981).
Google Scholar
Faaborg, J. et al. Confirmation of cooperative polyandry in the Galapagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 36, 83–90 (1995).
Google Scholar
Heinsohn, R. G. Kidnapping and reciprocity in cooperatively breeding white-winged choughs. Anim. Behav. 41, 1097–1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80652-9 (1991).
Google Scholar
Tang-Martinez, Z. The mechanisms of kin discrimination and the evolution of kin recognition in vertebrates: A critical re-evaluation. Behav. Proc. 53, 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00148-0 (2001).
Google Scholar
Nolin, D. A. Kin preference and partner choice. Hum. Nat. 22, 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-011-9113-9 (2011).
Google Scholar
Suchak, M., Eppley, T. M., Campbell, M. W. & de Waal, F. B. M. Ape duos and trios: spontaneous cooperation with free partner choice in chimpanzees. PeerJ 2, e417. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.417 (2014).
Google Scholar
Gale, D. & Shapley, L. S. College admissions and the stability of marriage. Am. Math. Mon. 69, 9–15 (1962).
Google Scholar
Krützen, M. et al. A biopsy system for small cetaceans: darting success and wound healing in Tursiops spp.. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 18, 863–878. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01078.x (2002).
Google Scholar
King, S. L. et al. Bottlenose dolphins retain individual vocal labels in multi-level alliances. Curr. Biol. 28, 1993-1999.e1993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.013 (2018).
Google Scholar
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing v. 3.4.0. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2017).
Farine, D. R. Animal social network inference and permutations for ecologists in R using asnipe. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 1187–1194 (2013).
Google Scholar
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).
Google Scholar
Wang, J. Triadic IBD coefficients and applications to estimating pairwise relatedness. Genet. Res. 89, 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672307008798 (2007).
Google Scholar
Wang, J. Coancestry: A program for simulating, estimating and analysing relatedness and inbreeding coefficients. Mol. Ecol. Resourc. 11, 141–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02885.x (2011).
Google Scholar
Fox, J. & Weisberg, S. An R Companion to Applied Regression. 3rd edn (Sage, 2019).
Connor, R. C., Richards, A. F., Smolker, R. A. & Mann, J. Patterns of female attractiveness in Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins. Behaviour 133, 37–69 (1996).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com