Andela, N. et al. A human-driven decline in global burned area. Science 356, 1356–1362 (2017).
Westerling, A. L., Hidalgo, H. G., Cayan, D. R. & Swetnam, T. W. Warming and earlier spring increase western US forest wildfire activity. Science 313, 940–943 (2006).
Turner, M. G. Disturbance and landscape dynamics in a changing world. Ecology 91, 2833–2849 (2010).
Higgins, S. I. & Scheiter, S. Atmospheric CO2 forces abrupt vegetation shifts locally, but not globally. Nature 488, 209–212 (2012).
van der Werf, G. R. G. R. et al. Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 9, 697–720 (2017).
Schoennagel, T. et al. Adapt to more wildfire in western North American forests as climate changes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 4582–4590 (2017).
Westerling, A. L., Turner, M. G., Smithwick, E. A. H., Romme, W. H. & Ryan, M. G. Continued warming could transform Greater Yellowstone fire regimes by mid-21st century. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 13165–13170 (2011).
Johnstone, J. F. et al. Changing disturbance regimes, ecological memory, and forest resilience. Front. Ecol. Environ. 14, 369–378 (2016).
Lewis, T. Very frequent burning encourages tree growth in sub-tropical Australian eucalypt forest. Forest Ecol. Manag. 459, 117842 (2020).
Peterson, D. W. & Reich, P. B. Prescribed fire in oak savanna: fire frequency effects on stand structure and dynamics. Ecol. Appl. 11, 914–927 (2001).
Tilman, D. et al. Fire suppression and ecosystem carbon storage. Ecology 81, 2680–2685 (2000).
Pellegrini, A. F. A., Hedin, L. O., Staver, A. C. & Govender, N. Fire alters ecosystem carbon and nutrients but not plant nutrient stoichiometry or composition in tropical savanna. Ecology 96, 1275–1285 (2015).
Russell-Smith, J., Whitehead, P. J., Cook, G. D. & Hoare, J. L. Response of eucalyptus-dominated savanna to frequent fires: lessons from Munmarlary, 1973–1996. Ecol. Monogr. 73, 349–375 (2003).
Uhl, C. & Kauffman, J. B. Deforestation, fire susceptibility, and potential tree responses to fire in the eastern Amazon. Ecology 71, 437–449 (1990).
Case, M. F., Wigley‐Coetsee, C., Nzima, N., Scogings, P. F. & Staver, A. C. Severe drought limits trees in a semi‐arid savanna. Ecology 100, e02842 (2019).
Keeley, J. E., Pausas, J. G., Rundel, P. W., Bond, W. J. & Bradstock, R. A. Fire as an evolutionary pressure shaping plant traits. Trends Plant Sci. 16, 406–411 (2011).
Schoennagel, T., Turner, M. G. & Romme, W. H. The influence of fire interval and serotiny on postfire lodgepole pine density in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 84, 2967–2978 (2003).
Higgins, S. I. et al. Which traits determine shifts in the abundance of tree species in a fire-prone savanna? J. Ecol. 100, 1400–1410 (2012).
Lehmann, C. E. R. et al. Savanna vegetation–fire–climate relationships differ among continents. Science 343, 548–552 (2014).
Staver, A. C., Archibald, S. & Levin, S. A. The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states. Science 334, 230–232 (2011).
Higgins, S. I., Bond, J. I. & Trollope, W. S. Fire, resprouting and variability: a recipe for grass–tree coexistence in savanna. J. Ecol. 88, 213–229 (2000).
Pellegrini, A. F. A. et al. Fire frequency drives decadal changes in soil carbon and nitrogen and ecosystem productivity. Nature 553, 194–198 (2018).
Reich, P. B., Peterson, D. W., Wedin, D. A. & Wrage, K. Fire and vegetation effects on productivity and nitrogen cycling across a forest–grassland continuum. Ecology 82, 1703–1719 (2001).
Phillips, R., Brzostek, E. & Midgley, M. The mycorrhizal‐associated nutrient economy: a new framework for predicting carbon–nutrient couplings in temperate forests. New Phytol. 99, 41–51 (2013).
Hobbie, S. E. Plant species effects on nutrient cycling: revisiting litter feedbacks. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30, 357–363 (2015).
Read, D. J. & Perez‐Moreno, J. Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems – a journey towards relevance? New Phytol. 157, 475–492 (2003).
Dixon, R. K. et al. Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263, 185–190 (1994).
Jackson, R. B. et al. Trading water for carbon with biological carbon sequestration. Science 310, 1944–1947 (2005).
Whitman, E., Parisien, M. A., Thompson, D. K. & Flannigan, M. D. Short-interval wildfire and drought overwhelm boreal forest resilience. Sci. Rep. 9, 18796 (2019).
Hart, S. J. et al. Examining forest resilience to changing fire frequency in a fire-prone region of boreal forest. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 869–884 (2019).
Stephens, S. L. et al. Managing forests and fire in changing climates. Science 342, 41–42 (2013).
Steel, Z. L., Safford, H. D. & Viers, J. H. The fire frequency–severity relationship and the legacy of fire suppression in California forests. Ecosphere 6, 1–23 (2015).
Scott, J. & Burgan, R. Standard Fire Behavior Fuel Models: A Comprehensive Set for Use with Rothermel’s Surface Fire Spread Model General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-153 (USDA, Forest Service and Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2005).
Liu, Y. Y. et al. Recent reversal in loss of global terrestrial biomass. Nat. Clim. Change 5, 470–474 (2015).
Brandt, M. et al. Satellite passive microwaves reveal recent climate-induced carbon losses in African drylands. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 827–835 (2018).
Butler, O. M., Elser, J. J., Lewis, T., Mackey, B. & Chen, C. The phosphorus-rich signature of fire in the soil–plant system: a global meta-analysis. Ecol. Lett. 21, 335–344 (2018).
Raison, R. J., Khanna, P. K. & Woods, P. V. Transfer of elements to the atmosphere during low-intensity prescribed fires in three Australian subalpine eucalypt forests. Can. J. Forest Res. 15, 657–664 (1985).
Averill, C., Bhatnagar, J. M., Dietze, M. C., Pearse, W. D. & Kivlin, S. N. Global imprint of mycorrhizal fungi on whole-plant nutrient economics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906655116 (2019).
Shah, F. et al. Ectomycorrhizal fungi decompose soil organic matter using oxidative mechanisms adapted from saprotrophic ancestors. New Phytol. 209, 1705–1719 (2016).
Woinarski, J. C. Z., Risler, J. & Kean, L. Response of vegetation and vertebrate fauna to 23 years of fire exclusion in a tropical eucalyptus open forest, Northern Territory, Australia. Austral Ecol. 29, 156–176 (2004).
Steidinger, B. S. et al. Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest–tree symbioses. Nature 569, 404–408 (2019).
Pellegrini, A. F. A. et al. Repeated fire shifts carbon and nitrogen cycling by changing plant inputs and soil decomposition across ecosystems. Ecol. Monogr. 90, e01409 (2020).
Newland, J. A. & DeLuca, T. H. Influence of fire on native nitrogen-fixing plants and soil nitrogen status in ponderosa pine – Douglas-fir forests in western Montana. Can. J. Forest Res. 30, 274–282 (2000).
Johnson, D. W. & Curtis, P. S. Effects of forest management on soil C and N storage: meta analysis. Forest Ecol. Manag. 140, 227–238 (2001).
Pellegrini, A. F. A. Nutrient limitation in tropical savannas across multiple scales and mechanisms. Ecology 97, 313–324 (2016).
Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G. & Jarvis, A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 25, 1965–1978 (2005).
Harrison, X. A. et al. A brief introduction to mixed effects modelling and multi-model inference in ecology. PeerJ 2018, e4794 (2018).
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).
Jackson, J. F., Adams, D. C. & Jackson, U. B. Allometry of constitutive defense: a model and a comparative test with tree bark and fire regime. Am. Nat. 153, 614–632 (1999).
Chave, J. et al. Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Ecol. Lett. 12, 351–366 (2009).
Hoffmann, W. A., Marchin, R. M., Abit, P. & Lau, O. L. Hydraulic failure and tree dieback are associated with high wood density in a temperate forest under extreme drought. Glob. Change Biol. 17, 2731–2742 (2011).
Harmon, M. E. Decomposition of standing dead trees in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Oecologia 52, 214–215 (1982).
Hedges, L. V., Gurevitch, J. & Curtis, P. S. The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80, 1150–1156 (1999).
Gurevitch, J., Morrow, L. L., Wallace, A. & Walsh, J. S. A meta-analysis of competition in field experiments. Am. Nat. 140, 539–572 (1992).
Zanne, A. E. et al. Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments. Nature 506, 89–92 (2014).
Pearse, W. D. et al. pez: phylogenetics for the environmental sciences. Bioinformatics 31, 2888–2890 (2015).
Kembel, S. W. et al. Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics 26, 1463–1464 (2010).
Brockway, D. G. & Lewis, C. E. Long-term effects of dormant-season prescribed fire on plant community diversity, structure and productivity in a longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystem. Forest Ecol. Manag. 96, 167–183 (1997).
Lewis, T. & Debuse, V. J. Resilience of a eucalypt forest woody understorey to long-term (34–55 years) repeated burning in subtropical Australia. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 21, 980–991 (2012).
Scudieri, C. A., Sieg, C. H., Haase, S. M., Thode, A. E. & Sackett, S. S. Understory vegetation response after 30 years of interval prescribed burning in two ponderosa pine sites in northern Arizona, USA. Forest Ecol. Manag. 260, 2134–2142 (2010).
Lewis, T., Reif, M., Prendergast, E. & Tran, C. The effect of long-term repeated burning and fire exclusion on above- and below-ground blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) forest vegetation assemblages. Austral Ecol. 37, 767–778 (2012).
Stratton, R. Effects of Long-Term Late Winter Prescribed Fire on Forest Stand Dynamics, Small Mammal Populations, and Habitat Demographics in a Tennessee Oak Barrens. MSc thesis, Univ. Tennessee (2007).
Wade, D. D. Long-Term Site Responses to Season and Interval of Underburns on the Georgia Piedmont (Forest Service Research Data Archive, 2016).
Pellegrini, A. F. A., Hoffmann, W. A. & Franco, A. C. Carbon accumulation and nitrogen pool recovery during transitions from savanna to forest in central Brazil. Ecology 95, 342–352 (2014).
Nesmith, C. B., Caprio, A. C., Pfaff, A. H., McGinnis, T. W. & Keeley, J. E. A comparison of effects from prescribed fires and wildfires managed for resource objectives in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Forest Ecol. Manag. 261, 1275–1282 (2011).
Haywood, J. D., Harris, F. L., Grelen, H. E. & Pearson, H. A. Vegetative response to 37 years of seasonal burning on a Louisiana longleaf pine site. South. J. Appl. For. 25, 122–130 (2001).
Higgins, S. I. et al. Effects of four decades of fire manipulation on woody vegetation structure in savanna. Ecology 88, 1119–1125 (2007).
Gignoux, J., Lahoreau, G., Julliard, R. & Barot, S. Establishment and early persistence of tree seedlings in an annually burned savanna. J. Ecol. 97, 484–495 (2009).
Tizon, F. R., Pelaez, D. V. & Elia, O. R. The influence of controlled fires on a plant community in the south of the Caldenal and its relationship with a regional state and transition model. Int. J. Exp. Bot. 79, 141–146 (2010).
Neill, C., Patterson, W. A. & Crary, D. W. Responses of soil carbon, nitrogen and cations to the frequency and seasonality of prescribed burning in a Cape Cod oak–pine forest. Forest Ecol. Manag. 250, 234–243 (2007).
Ryan, C. M., Williams, M. & Grace, J. Above‐ and belowground carbon stocks in a miombo woodland landscape of Mozambique. Biotropica 43, 423–432 (2011).
Scharenbroch, B. C., Nix, B., Jacobs, K. A. & Bowles, M. L. Two decades of low-severity prescribed fire increases soil nutrient availability in a midwestern, USA oak (Quercus) forest. Geoderma 183–184, 80–91 (2012).
Burton, J. A., Hallgren, S. W., Fuhlendorf, S. D. & Leslie, D. M. Jr. Understory response to varying fire frequencies after 20 years of prescribed burning in an upland oak forest. Plant Ecol. 212, 1513–1525 (2011).
Stewart, J. F., Will, R. E., Robertson, K. M. & Nelson, C. D. Frequent fire protects shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) from introgression by loblolly pine (P. taeda). Conserv. Genet. 16, 491–495 (2015).
Knapp, B. O., Stephan, K. & Hubbart, J. A. Structure and composition of an oak–hickory forest after over 60 years of repeated prescribed burning in Missouri, U.S.A. Forest Ecol. Manag. 344, 95–109 (2015).
Olson, M. G. Tree regeneration in oak–pine stands with and without prescribed fire in the New Jersey Pine Barrens: management implications. North. J. Appl. For. 28, 47–49 (2011).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
