Rippeyoung, P. L. F. & Noonan, M. C. The economic costs of breastfeeding for women. Breastfeed Med. 6(5), 325–327 (2011).
Google Scholar
Gloneková, M., Vymyslická, P. J., Žáčková, M. & Brandlová, K. Giraffe nursing behaviour reflects environmental conditions. Behaviour 154, 115–129 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hejcmanová, P. et al. Suckling behaviour of eland antelopes (Taurotragus spp.) under semi-captive and farm conditions. J. Ethol. 29, 161–168 (2011).
Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. H. The Evolution of Parental Care (Princeton University Press, 1991).
Gittleman, J. L. & Thompson, S. D. Energy allocation in mammalian reproduction. Am. Zool. 28, 863–875 (1988).
Google Scholar
Arnold, L. C., Habe, M., Troxler, J., Nowack, J. & Vetter, S. G. Rapid establishment of teat order and allonursing in wild boar (Sus scrofa). Ethology 125, 940–948 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pluháček, J., Olléová, M., Bartošová, J. & Bartoš, L. Effect of ecological adaptation on suckling behaviour in three zebra species. Behaviour 149(13–14), 1395–1411 (2012).
Pluháček, J., Olléová, M., Bartoš, L. & Bartošová, J. Time spent suckling is affected by different social organization in three zebra species. J. Zool. 292, 10–17 (2014).
Google Scholar
Packer, C., Lewis, S. & Pusey, A. A comparative analysis of non-offspring nursing. Anim. Behav. 43, 265–281 (1992).
Google Scholar
Gloneková, M., Brandlová, K. & Pluháček, J. Higher maternal care and tolerance in more experienced giraffe mothers. Acta Ethol. 23, 1–7 (2020).
Google Scholar
MacLeod, K., Nielsen, J. F. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. Factors predicting the frequency, likelihood and duration of allonursing in the cooperatively breeding meerkat. Anim. Behav. 86, 1059–1067 (2013).
Google Scholar
König, B. Cooperative care of young in mammals. Naturwissenschaften 84, 489–497 (1997).
Roulin, A. Why do lactating females nurse alien offspring? A review of hypotheses and empirical evidence. Anim. Behav. 63, 201–208 (2002).
Google Scholar
Bartoš, L., Vaňková, D., Hyánek, J. & Šiler, J. Impact of allosucking on growth of farmed red deer calves (Cervus elaphus). Anim. Sci. 72, 493–500 (2001).
Google Scholar
Bartoš, L., Vaňková, D., Šiler, J. & Illmann, G. Adoption, allonursing and allosucking in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus). Anim. Sci. 72, 483–492 (2001).
Google Scholar
Engelhardt, S. C., Weladji, R. B., Holand, Ø. & Nieminen, M. Allosuckling in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus): A test of the improved nutrition and compensation hypotheses. Mammal. Biol. Z Säugetierkd 81(2), 146–152 (2016).
Google Scholar
Víchová, J. & Bartoš, L. Allosuckling in cattle: Gain or compensation?. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 94, 223–235 (2005).
Google Scholar
Engelhardt, S. C. et al. Allosuckling in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus): Milk-theft, mismothering or kin selection?. Behav. Process. 107, 133–141 (2014).
Google Scholar
Gloneková, M., Brandlová, K. & Pluháček, J. Stealing milk by young and reciprocal mothers: High incidence of allonursing in giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis. Anim. Behav. 113, 113–123 (2016).
Google Scholar
Pluháček, J., Bartošová, J. & Bartoš, L. Suckling behavior in captive plains zebra (Equus burchellii): Sex differences in foal behavior. J. Anim. Sci. 88(1), 131–136 (2010).
Google Scholar
Gloneková, M., Brandlová, K. & Pluháček, J. Giraffe males have longer suckling bouts than females. J. Mammal. 101(2), 558–653 (2020).
Google Scholar
Pluháček, J., Bartošová, J. & Bartoš, L. Further evidence for sex differences in suckling behaviour of captive plains zebra foals. Acta Ethol. 14, 91–95 (2011).
Google Scholar
Drábková, J. et al. Sucking and allosucking duration in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 113(1), 215–223 (2008).
Google Scholar
Mendl, M. & Paul, E. S. Observation of nursing and sucking behaviour as an indicator of milk transfer and parental investment. Anim. Behav. 37, 513–515 (1989).
Google Scholar
Therrien, J. F., Cote, S. D., Festa-Bianchet, M. & Ouellet, J. P. Maternal care in white-tailed deer: Trade-off between maintenance and reproduction under food restriction. Anim. Behav. 75, 235–243 (2007).
Google Scholar
Plesner Jensen, S., Siefert, L., Okori, J. & Clutton-Brock, T. Age-related participation in allosuckling by nursing warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus). J. Zool. 248, 443–449 (1999).
Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Q. Rev. Biol. 46, 35–57 (1971).
Google Scholar
Engelhardt, S. C., Weladji, R. B., Holand, Ø., Røed, K. H. & Nieminen, M. Evidence of reciprocal allonursing in reindeer, Rangifer tarandus. Ethology 121(3), 245–259 (2015).
Google Scholar
Jones, J. D. & Treanor, J. J. Allonursing and cooperative birthing behavior in Yellowstone bison, Bison bison. Can. Field-Nat. 122(2), 171–172 (2008).
Google Scholar
Pusey, A. E. & Packer, C. Non-offspring nursing in social carnivores—Minimizing the costs. Behav. Ecol. 5, 362–374 (1994).
Google Scholar
Murphey, R. M., Paranhos da Costa, M. J. R., Gomes da Silva, R. & de Souza, R. Allonursing in river buffalo, Bubalis bubalis: Nepotism, incompetence, or thivery?. Anim. Behav. 49, 1611–1616 (1995).
Google Scholar
Olléová, M., Pluháček, J. & King, S. R. B. Effect of social system on allosuckling and adoption in zebras. J. Zool. 288(2), 127–134 (2012).
Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II. J. Theor. Biol. 7, 17–52 (1964).
Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. H. Reproductive effort and terminal investment in iteroparous animals. Am. Nat. 123, 212–229 (1984).
Google Scholar
Baldovino, M. C. & Di Bitetti, M. S. Allonursing in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus nigritus): Milk or pacifier?. Folia Primatol. 79, 79–92 (2007).
Google Scholar
Boness, D. J., Craig, M. P., Honigman, L. & Austin, S. Fostering behavior and the effect of female density in Hawaiian monk seals, Monachus schauinslandi. J. Mammal. 79, 1060–1069 (1998).
Google Scholar
Cassinello, J. Allosuckling behaviour in Ammotragus. Z. Saugetierkd 64(6), 363–370 (1999).
Nuñez, C. M., Adelman, J. S. & Rubenstein, D. I. A free-ranging, feral mare Equus caballus affords similar maternal care to her genetic and adopted offspring. Am. Nat. 182, 674–681 (2013).
Google Scholar
Brandlová, K., Bartoš, L. & Haberová, T. Camel calves as opportunistic milk thefts? The first description of allosuckling in domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). PLoS ONE 8(1), e53052 (2013).
Google Scholar
Zapata, B., Gaete, G., Correa, L., González, B. & Ebensperger, L. A case of allosuckling in wild guanacos (Lama guanicoe). J. Ethol. 27, 295–297 (2009).
Google Scholar
Bond, M. L. & Lee, D. E. Simultaneous multiple-calf allonursing by a wild Masai giraffe. Afr. J. Ecol. 58(1), 126–128 (2020).
Google Scholar
Pratt, D. M. & Anderson, V. H. Giraffe cowecalf relationships and social development of the calf in the Serengeti. Z. Tierpsychol. 51(3), 233–251 (1979).
Google Scholar
Saito, M. & Idani, G. Suckling and allosuckling behavior in wild giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi). Mammal. Biol. 93, 1–4 (2018).
Google Scholar
Zoelzer, F., Engel, C., Paul, W. D. & Anna Lena, B. A comparative study of nightly allonursing behaviour in four zoo-housed groups of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis). J. Zoo Aquar. Res. 8(3), 175–180 (2020).
Schino, G. & Aureli, F. The relative roles of kinship and reciprocity in explaining primate altruism. Ecol. Lett. 13, 45–50 (2010).
Google Scholar
Bercovitch, F. B., Bashaw, M. J. & del Castillo, S. M. Sociosexual behavior, male mating tactics, and the reproductive cycle of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis. Horm. Behav. 50(2), 314–321 (2006).
Google Scholar
Bercovitch, F. B. & Berry, P. S. M. Herd composition, kinship and fission—fusion social dynamics among wild giraffe. Afr. J. Ecol. 51(2), 206–216 (2013).
Google Scholar
Carter, K. D., Seddon, J. M., Frere, C. H., Carter, J. K. & Goldizen, A. W. Fission-fusion dynamics in wild giraffes may be driven by kinship, spatial overlap and individual social preferences. Anim. Behav. 85, 385–394 (2013).
Google Scholar
D’haen, M., Fennessy, J., Stabach, J. & Brandlová, K. Population structure and spatial ecology of Kordofan giraffe in Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. Ecol. Evol. 9(19), 11395–11405 (2019).
Google Scholar
Horová, E., Brandlová, K. & Gloneková, M. The first description of dominance hierarchy in captive giraffe: Not loose and egalitarian, but clear and linear. PLoS ONE 10(5), e0124570 (2015).
Google Scholar
Jůnková Vymyslická, P., Brandlová, K., Hozdecká, K., Žáčková, M. & Hejcmanová, P. Feeding rank in the Derby eland: Lessons for management. Afr. Zool. 50(4), 313–320 (2015).
Google Scholar
Broussard, D. R., Risch, T. S., Dobson, F. S. & Murie, J. O. Senescence and age-related reproduction of female Columbian ground squirrels. J. Anim. Ecol. 72, 212–219 (2003).
Google Scholar
Cameron, E. Z., Linklater, W. L., Stafford, K. J. & Minot, E. O. Aging and improving reproductive success in horses: declining residual reproductive value or just older and wiser?. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 47(4), 243–249 (2000).
Google Scholar
Cameron, E. Z., Linklater, W. L., Stafford, K. J. & Minot, E. O. A case of cooperative nursing and offspring care by mother and daughter feral horses. J. Zool. 249, 486–489 (1999).
Google Scholar
Ekvall, K. Effects of social organization, age and aggressive behaviour on allosuckling in wild fallow deer. Anim. Behav. 56, 695–703 (1998).
Google Scholar
Birgersson, B. & Ekvall, K. Suckling time and fawn growth in fallow deer (Dama dama). Zoology 232, 641–650 (1994).
Fennessy, J. et al. Multi-locus analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one. Curr. Biol. 26(18), 2543–2549 (2016).
Google Scholar
Estes, R. The Behavior Guide to African Mammals (University of California Press, 1991).
Altmann, J. Observational study of behaviour: Sampling methods. Behaviour 49, 227–267 (1974).
Google Scholar
Špinka, M. & Illmann, G. Suckling behaviour of young dairy calves with their own and alien mothers. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 33(2), 165–173 (1992).
Google Scholar
Wright, S. Coefficients of inbreeding and relationship. Am. Nat. 56, 330–338 (1922).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
