in

Large-scale spatial patterns of small-mammal communities in the Mediterranean region revealed by Barn owl diet

  • 1.

    de Lattin, G. Grundriss der Zoogeographie (Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1976).

  • 2.

    Hewitt, G. M. Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 68, 87–112. https://doi.org/10.1006/bijl.1999.0332 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 3.

    Wallace, A. R. The geographical distribution of animals; with a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth’s surface (Harper & Brothers, 1876).

  • 4.

    Mittermeier, R. A., Myers, N., Mittermeier, C. G. & Robles Gil, P. Hotspots: Earth’s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions (CEMEX, 1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • 5.

    Médail, F. & Quézel, P. Biodiversity hotspots in the Mediterranean Basin: setting global conservation priorities. Conserv. Biol. 13(6), 1510–1513 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 6.

    Temple, H. J. & Cuttelod, A. (Compilers). The Status and Distribution of Mediterranean Mammals. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge (UK: IUCN, vii+32pp, 2009).

  • 7.

    Blondel, J. The nature and origin of the vertebrate fauna. pp. 139–163 In: Woodward, C. J. (ed.) The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009).

  • 8.

    Aulagnier, S., Hafner, P., Mitchell-Jones, A. J., Moutou, F. & Zima, J. Mammals of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East (A&C Black Publishers, 2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • 9.

    Horáček, I., Hanák, V. & Gaisler, J. Bats of the Palearctic region: a taxonomic and biogeographic review. In Proceedings of the VIIIth European bat research symposium (Vol. 1, pp. 11–157) (Kraków, CIC ISEZ PAN, 2000).

  • 10.

    Smith, C. H. A system of world mammal faunal regions. I. Logical and statistical derivation of the regions. J. Biogeogr. 10, 455–466. https://doi.org/10.2307/2844752 (1983).

  • 11.

    Dobson, M. Mammal distributions in the western Mediterranean: the role of human intervention. Mammal Rev. 28(2), 77–88 (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 12.

    Sans-Fuentes, M. A. & Ventura, J. Distribution patterns of the small mammals (Insectivora and Rodentia) in a transitional zone between the Eurosiberian and the Mediterranean regions. J. Biogeogr. 27(3), 755–764 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 13.

    Kryštufek, B. & Vohralík, V. Mammals of Turkey and Cyprus: introduction, checklist, Insectivora (Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko, 2001).

  • 14.

    Kryštufek, B. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In Balkan Biodiversity (pp. 79–108) (Springer, Dordrecht, 2004).

  • 15.

    Kryštufek, B., Vohralík, V. & Janžekovič, F. Mammals of Turkey and Cyprus: Rodentia I: Sciuridae, Dipodidae, Gliridae (Arvicolinae, 2005).

    Google Scholar 

  • 16.

    Kryštufek, B. & Vohralík, V. Mammals of Turkey and Cyprus, Rodentia II: Cricetinae, Murridae, Spalacidae, Calomyscidae, Capromyidae, Hystricidae Castoridae. J. Mammal. 96, 1–373 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • 17.

    Kryštufek, B., Donev, N. R. & Skok, J. Species richness and distribution of non-volant small mammals along an elevational gradient on a Mediterranean mountain. Mammalia 75(1), 3–11 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 18.

    Svenning, J. C., Fløjgaard, C. & Baselga, A. Climate, history and neutrality as drivers of mammal beta diversity in Europe: Insights from multiscale deconstruction. J. Anim. Ecol. 80(2), 393–402 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 19.

    Gaston, K., & Blackburn, T. Pattern and process in macroecology (John Wiley & Sons, 2008).

  • 20.

    Darwin, C. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (J. Murray, 1859).

  • 21.

    Wallace, A. R. Tropical Nature and Other Essays (Macmillan, 1878).

  • 22.

    Hawkins, B. A. et al. Energy, water and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology 84, 3105–3117. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-8006 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 23.

    Hillebrand, H. On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Am. Nat. 163(2), 192–211 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 24.

    Kindlmann P, Schödelbauerová I, Dixon AF.G. Inverse latitudinal gradients in species diversity. pp. 246–257 in Storch D. et al. (eds.) Scaling Biodiversity (Cambridge University Press, 2007).

  • 25.

    Boone, R. B. & Krohn, W. B. Relationship between avian range limits and plant transition zones in Maine. J. Biogeogr. 27, 471–482 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 26.

    Storch, D., Evans, K. L. & Gaston, K. J. The species-area-energy relationship in orchids. Ecol. Lett. 8, 487–492. https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v7i1-2.19504 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • 27.

    Valladares, F. et al. Global change and Mediterranean forests: current impacts and potential responses in Forests and Global Change (eds. Burslem, D. F. R. & Simonson, W. D.), 47–75 (Cambridge University Press, 2014).

  • 28.

    MacArthur, R. H. Patterns of Species Diversity. Geographical Ecology: Patterns in the Distributions of Species (Harper & Row, 1972).

  • 29.

    Whittaker, R. J. & Fernández-Palacios, J. M. Island biogeography: ecology, evolution, and conservation. Oxford University Press (2007).

  • 30.

    Sólymos, P. & Lele, S. R. Global pattern and local variation in species-area relationships. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 21, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00655.x (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 31.

    Willig, M. R., Kaufman, D. M. & Stevens, R. D. Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: patterns, scale, and synthesis. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34, 273–309. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.012103.144032 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 32.

    Prevedello, J., Gotelli, N. J. & Metzger, J. A stochastic model for landscape patterns of biodiversity. Ecol. Monogr. 86, 462–479. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1223 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 33.

    Blondel, J., Aronson, J., Bodiou, J. Y. & Boeuf, G. The Mediteranean region. Biological diversity in space and time (Oxford University Press, 2010).

  • 34.

    Vigne, J. D. The large “true” Mediterranean islands as a model for the Holocene human impact on the European vertebrate fauna? Recent data and new reflections. The Holocene history of the European vertebrate fauna. Modern aspects of research, 295–322 (1999).

  • 35.

    Harding, A.F., Palutikof, J. & Holt, T. The climate system. pp. 69–88 In: Woodward, C.J. (ed.) The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009).

  • 36.

    Zdruli, P. Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. Mediterranean year book 2011 (European Institute of the Mediterranean, 2012).

  • 37.

    Bilton, D. T. et al. Mediterranean Europe as an area of endemism for small mammals rather than a source for northwards postglacial colonization. Proc. Royal Soc. B 265(1402), 1219–1226 (1998).

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • 38.

    Hewitt, G. M. Mediterranean peninsulas: The evolution of hotspots. In Biodiversity hotspots (pp. 123–147) (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011).

  • 39.

    Bilgin, R. Back to the suture: the distribution of intraspecific genetic diversity in and around Anatolia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12, 4080–4103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12064080 (2011).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • 40.

    Vigne, J. D. The origins of mammals on the Mediterranean islands as an indicator of early voyaging. Euras. Prehistory 10(1–2), 45–56 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • 41.

    Masseti, M. Mammals of the Mediterranean islands: Homogenisation and the loss of biodiversity. Mammalia 73, 169–202. https://doi.org/10.1515/MAMM.2009.029 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 42.

    Angelici, F. M., Laurenti, A. & Nappi, A. A. checklist of the mammals of small Italian islands. Hystrix 20, 3–27. https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-20.1-4429 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 43.

    Cunningham, P. L. & Aspinall, S. The diet of Little Owl Athene noctua in the UAE, with notes on Barn Owl Tyto alba and Desert Eagle Owl Bubo (b.) ascalaphus. Tribulus 11, 13–15 (2001).

  • 44.

    Taylor, I. R. How owls select their prey: A study of Barn owls Tyto alba and their small mammal prey. Ardea 97, 635–644. https://doi.org/10.5253/078.097.0433 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 45.

    Yom-Tov, Y. & Wool, D. Do the contents of barn owl pellets accurately represent the proportion of prey species in the field?. Condor 99, 972–976. https://doi.org/10.2307/1370149 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 46.

    Dodson, P. & Wexlar, D. Taphonomic investigations of owl pellets. Paleobiology 5, 275–284 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 47.

    Heisler, L., Somers, C. & Poulin, R. Owl pellets: A more effective alternative to conventional trapping for broad-scale studies of small mammal communities. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12454 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 48.

    Torre, I., Arrizabalaga, A. & Flaquer, C. Three methods for assessing richness and composition of small mammal communities. J. Mammal. 85, 524–530. https://doi.org/10.1644/BJK-112 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 49.

    Yalden, D. W. & Morris, P. A. The analysis of owl pellet (Occasional publications)(The Mammal Society, 1990).

  • 50.

    Williams, D. F. & Braun, S. E. Comparison of pitfall and conventional traps for sampling small mammal populations. J. Wildl. Manage. 47, 841–845 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 51.

    Glennon, M. J., Porter, W. F. & Demers, C. L. An alternative field technique for estimating diversity of small-mammal populations. J. Mammal. 83, 734–742. https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 52.

    Morris, P. A., Burgis, M. J., Morris, P. A. & Holloway, R. A method for estimating total body weight of avian prey items in the diet of owls. J. Zool. 210, 642–644 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 53.

    Vukićević Radić, O., Jovanović, T. B., Matić, R. & Katarinovski, D. Age structure of yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis Melchior 1834) in two samples obtained from live traps and owl pellets. Arch. Biol. Sci. 57, 53–56 (2005).

  • 54.

    Coda, J., Gomez, D., Steinmann, A. R. & Priotto, J. Small mammals in farmlands of Argentina: Responses to organic and conventional farming. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 211, 17–23 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 55.

    Andrade, A., de Menezes, J. F. S. & Monjeau, A. Are owl pellets good estimators of prey abundance?. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 28, 239–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2015.10.007 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 56.

    Moysi, M., Christou, M., Goutner, V., Kassinis, N. & Iezekiel, S. Spatial and temporal patterns in the diet of barn owl (Tyto alba) in Cyprus. J. Biol. Res-Thessalon. 25(1), 9 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 57.

    Romano, A., Séchaud, R. & Roulin, A. Global biogeographical patterns in the diet of a cosmopolitan predator. J. Biogeogr. 47, 1467–1481. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13829 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 58.

    Baquero, R. A. & Tellería, J. L. Species richness, rarity and endemicity of European mammals: A biogeographical approach. Biodivers. Conserv. 10(1), 29–44 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 59.

    Mitchell-Jones, A. J. et al. The Atlas of European Mammals (T & AD Poyser, 1999).

  • 60.

    Kross, S. M., Bourbour, R. P. & Martinico, B. L. Agricultural land use, arn owl diet, and vertebrate pest control implications. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 223, 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.03.002 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 61.

    Krishnapriya, T. & Ramakrishnan, U. Higher speciation and lower extinction rates influence mammal diversity gradients in Asia. BMC Evol. Biol. 15, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0289-1 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 62.

    Kouki, J., Niemela, P. & Viitasaari, M. Reversed latitudinal gradient in species richness of sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Ann. Zool. Fenn. 31, 83–88 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • 63.

    Rabenold, K. N. A reversed latitudinal diversity gradient in avian communities of eastern deciduous forests. Am. Nat. 114, 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1086/283474 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 64.

    Ruffino, L. & Vidal, E. Early colonization of Mediterranean islands by Rattus rattus: A review of zooarcheological data. Biol. Invasions 12(8), 2389–2394 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 65.

    Thomes, J. B. Land degradation. pp. 563–581. In: Woodward, C.J. (ed.) The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009).

  • 66.

    Allen, H. D. Vegetation and ecosystem dynamics. pp. 203–227. In: Woodward, C.J. (ed.) The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009).

  • 67.

    Dov Por, F. & Dimentman, C. Mare Nostrum. Neogene and anthropic natural history of the Mediterranean basin, with emphasis on the Levant (Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow, 2006).

  • 68.

    Zohary, D., Hopi, M. & Weiss, E. Domestication of Plants in the Old World 4th edn. (Oxford University Press, 2012).

    Google Scholar 

  • 69.

    Roulin, A. Spatial variation in the decline of European birds as shown by the Barn Owl Tyto alba diet. Bird Study 62, 271–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2015.1012043 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 70.

    Pezzo, F. & Morimando, F. Food habits of the barn owl, Tyto alba, in a mediterranean rural area: Comparison with the diet of two sympatric carnivores. Boll. Zool. 62, 369–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250009509356091 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 71.

    Soranzo, N., Alia, R., Provan, J. & Powell, W. Patterns of variation at a mitochondrial sequence-tagged-site locus provides new insights into the postglacial history of European Pinus sylvestris populations. Mol. Ecol. 9, 1205–1211. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00994.x (2000).

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • 72.

    van Andel, T. H. The climate and landscape of the middle part of the Weichselian Glaciation in Europe: The stage 3 project. Q. Res. 57, 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2294 (2002).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • 73.

    Johnston, D. W. & Hill, J. M. Prey selection of Common Barn-owls on islands and mainland sites. J. Raptor. Res. 21(1), 3–7 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • 74.

    Sommer, R., Zoller, H., Kock, D., Böhme, W. & Griesau, A. Feeding of the barn owl, Tyto alba with first record of the European free-tailed bat, Tadarida teniotis on the island of Ibiza (Spain, Balearics). Fol. Zool. 54, 364–370 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  • 75.

    Kryštufek, B., Reed, J. Pattern and process in Balkan biodiversity – an overview in A quantitative assesment of Balkan mammal diversity (eds. Griffiths, H. I., Kryštufek, B. & Reed, J. M.) 79–108 (Kluwer Academic, 2004).

  • 76.

    Ricklefs, R. E. & Lovette, I. J. The roles of island area per se and habitat diversity in the species-area relationships of four Lesser Antillean faunal groups. J. Anim. Ecol. 68, 1142–1160 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 77.

    Heaney, L. R. Mammalian species richness on islands on the Sunda Shelf Southeast Asia. Oecologia 61, 11–17 (1984).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • 78.

    Carvajal, A. & Adler, G. H. Biogeography of mammals on tropical Pacific islands. J. Biogeogr. 32, 1561–1569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01302.x (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 79.

    Millien-Parra, V. & Jaeger, J. J. Island biogeography of the Japanese terrestrial mammal assemblages: An example of a relict fauna. J. Biogeogr. 26, 959–972. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00346.x (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 80.

    Amori, G., Rizzo Pinna, V., Sammuri, G. & Luiselli, L. Diversity of small mammal communities of the tuscan archipelago: Testing the effects of island size, distance from mainland and human density. Fol. Zool. 64, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v64.i2.a9.2015 (2015).

  • 81.

    Audoin-Rouzeau, F. & La Vigne, J. D. colonisation de l’Europe par le rat noir (Rattus rattus). Rev. de Paléobiologie 13, 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359011020130 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 82.

    Towns, D. R., Atkinson, I. A. E. & Daugherty, Ch. H. Have the harmful effects of introduced rats on islands been exaggerated?. Biol. Invasions 8, 863–891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-005-0421-z (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 83.

    Martin, J. L., Thibault, J. C. & Bretagnolle, V. Black rats, island characteristics, and colonial nesting birds in the Mediterranean: Consequences of an ancient introduction. Conserv. Biol. 14, 1452–1466. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99190.x (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 84.

    Landová, E., Horáček, I. & Frynta, D. Have black rats evolved a culturally-transmitted technique of pinecone opening independently in Cyprus and Israel?. Isr. J. Ecol. Evol. 52(2), 151–158 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 85.

    Sarà, M. & Morand, S. Island incidence and mainland population density: Mammals from Mediterranean islands. Divers. Distrib. 8, 1–9 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 86.

    Libois, M. R., Fons, R., Saint Girons, M. C. Le régime alimentaire de la chouette effraie Tyto alba, dans les Pyrénées-orientales. Etude des variations ecogéographiques. Rev. Ecol.-Terre Vie 37, 187–217 (1983).

  • 87.

    Di Russo, C. Dati sui micromammiferi da borre di barbacianni, Tyto alba, di un Sito della Sardegna Centro-orientale. Hystrix 2, 57–62. https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-2.1-3885 (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 88.

    Guerra, C., García, D. & Alcover, J. A. Unusual foraging patterns of the barn owl, Tyto alba (Strigiformes: Tytonidae), on small islets from the Pityusic archipelago (Western Mediterranean Sea). Fol. Zool. 63, 180–187. https://doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v63.i3.a5.2014 (2014).

  • 89.

    Patterson, B. D. & Atmar, W. Nested subsets and the structure of insular mammalian faunas and archipelagos. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 28, 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1986.tb01749.x (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 90.

    Kutiel, P., Peled, Y. & Geffen, E. The effect of removing shrub cover on annual plants and small mammals in a coastal sand dune ecosystem. Biol. Conserv. 94, 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00172-X (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 91.

    Tores, M., Motro, Y., Motro, U. & Yom-Tov, Y. The barn owl-a selective opportunist predator. Israel J. Zool. 51, 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1560/7862-9E5G-RQJJ-15BE (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 92.

    Obuch, J. & Benda, P. Food of the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Slovak Raptor J. 3, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10262-012-0032-4 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 93.

    Anděra, M. & Horáček, I. Determining our mammals (Sobotáles, 2005).

  • 94.

    Dor, M. Observations sur les Micromammiferes trouves dans les Pelotes de la Chouette effraye (Tyto alba) en Palestine. Mammalia 11, 50–54 (1947).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 95.

    De Pablo, F. Alimentación de la Lechuza Común (Tyto alba) en Menorca. Bolleti Soc. Hist. Nat. Balear. 43, 15–26 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • 96.

    Rihane, A. Contribution to the study of the diet of Barn Owl Tyto alba in the semi-arid plains of Atlantic Morocco. Alauda 71, 363–369 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  • 97.

    Kennedy, C. M., J. R. Oakleaf, D. M. Theobald, Baruch-Mordo, S. & Kiesecker, J. Managing the middle: A shift in conservation priorities based on the global human modification gradient. Global Change Biol. 25(3), 811–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14549 (2019).

  • 98.

    Kennedy, C. M., Oakleaf, J. R., Theobald, D. M., Baruch-Mordo, S. & Kiesecker, J. Global Human Modification of Terrestrial Systems. Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). https://doi.org/10.7927/edbc-3z60. Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR (2020).

  • 99.

    Shannon, C. & Weaver, W. The Mathematical Theory of Communication (The University of Illinois Press, 1964).

  • 100.

    R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Found Stat Comp (2011).

  • 101.

    Anderson, D. R. & Burnham, K. P. Avoiding pitfalls when using information-theoretic methods. J. Wildl. Manag. 66, 912–918 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 102.

    Whittingham, M. J., Stephens, P. A., Bradbury, R. B. & Freckleton, R. P. Why do we still use stepwise modelling in ecology and behaviour?. J. Anim. Ecol. 75, 1182–1189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01141.x (2006).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • 103.

    Burnham, K. P., Anderson, D. R. & Huyvaert, K. P. AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavioral ecology: Some background, observations, and comparisons. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 65, 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-1039-4 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 104.

    ter Braak, C. & Šmilauer, P. Canoco reference manual and user’s quide: software for ordination, version 5.0 (Microcomputer Power, 2012).

  • 105.

    StatSoft Inc. Statistica (data analysis software system), version 12. http://www.statsoft.com (2013).


  • Source: Ecology - nature.com

    SMART develops analytical tools to enable next-generation agriculture

    MIT Solve announces 2021 global challenges