Mayr, E. Ecological factors in speciation. Evolution https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1947.tb02723.x (1947).
Coyne, J. A. & Orr, H. A. Speciation Vol. 38 (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA, 2004).
Rosenblum, E. B. et al. Goldilocks meets Santa Rosalia: An ephemeral speciation model explains patterns of diversification across time scales. Evol. Biol. 39, 255–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-012-9171-x (2012).
Dobzhansky, T. Genetics and the Origin of Species (Columbia University Press, Columbia, 1937).
Edmands, S. Does parental divergence predict reproductive compatibility?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17, 520–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02585-5 (2002).
Turissini, D. A., McGirr, J. A., Patel, S. S., David, J. R. & Matute, D. R. The rate of evolution of postmating-prezygotic reproductive isolation in Drosophila. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35, 312–334. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx271 (2018).
Nosil, P., Vines, T. H. & Funk, D. J. Reproductive isolation caused by natural selection against immigrants from divergent habitats. Evolution 59, 705–719. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01747.x (2005).
Crespi, B. J. Causes of assortative mating in arthropods. Anim. Behav. 38, 980–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(89)80138-1 (1989).
Smadja, C. M. & Butlin, R. K. A framework for comparing processes of speciation in the presence of gene flow. Mol. Ecol. 20, 5123–5140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05350.x (2011).
Servedio, M. R. Geography, assortative mating, and the effects of sexual selection on speciation with gene flow. Evol. Appl. 9, 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12296 (2016).
Merot, C., Salazar, C., Merrill, R. M., Jiggins, C. D. & Joron, M. What shapes the continuum of reproductive isolation? Lessons from Heliconius butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 284, 20170335. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0335 (2017).
Kopp, M. et al. Mechanisms of assortative mating in speciation with gene flow: connecting theory and empirical research. Am. Nat. 191, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1086/694889 (2018).
Janicke, T., Marie-Orleach, L., Aubier, T. G., Perrier, C. & Morrow, E. H. Assortative mating in animals and its role for speciation. Am. Nat. 194, 865–875. https://doi.org/10.1086/705825 (2019).
Richards, E. J., Servedio, M. R. & Martin, C. H. Searching for sympatric speciation in the genomic era. BioEssays 41, 1900047. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201900047 (2019).
Jennings, J. H., Snook, R. R. & Hoikkala, A. Reproductive isolation among allopatric Drosophila montana populations. Evolution 68, 3095–3108. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12535 (2014).
Alipaz, J. A., Wu, C. & Karr, T. L. Gametic incompatibilities between races of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1420 (2001).
McQuaid, C. D. & Dower, K. M. Enhancement of habitat heterogeneity and species richness on rocky shores inundated by sand. Oecologia 84, 142–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00665608 (1990).
Archambault, P. & Bourget, E. Scales of coastal heterogeneity and benthic intertidal species richness, diversity and abundance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 136, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps136111 (1996).
de Forges, B. R., Koslow, J. A. & Poore, G. C. B. Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the southwest Pacific. Nature 405, 944–947. https://doi.org/10.1038/35016066 (2000).
Hooper, D. U. et al. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecol. Monogr. 75, 3–35. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0922 (2005).
Williams, S. T. & Reid, D. G. Speciation and diversity on tropical rocky shores: a global phylogeny of snails of the genus Echinolittorina. Evolution 58, 2227–2251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01600.x (2004).
Frey, M. A. The relative importance of geography and ecology in species diversification: evidence from a tropical marine intertidal snail (Nerita). J. Biogeogr. 37, 1515–1528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02283.x (2010).
Pereyra, R. T., Bergström, L., Kautsky, L. & Johannesson, K. Rapid speciation in a newly opened postglacial marine environment, the Baltic Sea. BMC Evol. Biol. 9, 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-70 (2009).
Cánovas, F. G., Mota, C. F., Serrão, E. A. & Pearson, G. A. Driving south: A multi-gene phylogeny of the brown algal family Fucaceae reveals relationships and recent drivers of a marine radiation. BMC Evol. Biol. 11, 371. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-371 (2011).
Coyer, J. A. et al. Evolution and diversification within the intertidal brown macroalgae Fucus spiralis/F. vesiculosus species complex in the North Atlantic. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 58, 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.015 (2011).
Robinson, J. D. & Dillon, R. T. Genetic divergence among sympatric populations of three species of oyster drills (Urosalpinx) in Cedar Key Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. 82, 19–31 (2008).
Wares, J. P. Intraspecific variation and geographic isolation in Idotea balthica (Isopoda: Valvifera). J. Crustac. Biol. 21, 1007–1013. https://doi.org/10.1163/20021975-99990193 (2001).
Maltseva, A. L. et al. Microhabitat distribution, shell shape, and metabolomes in sympatric populations of closely related species of the genus Littorina (Neritrema) in two sites in the Norwegian and Barents Sea. PeerJ https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.923735 (2021).
Pickles, A. & Grahame, J. Mate choice in divergent morphs of the gastropod mollusc Littorina saxatilis (Olivi): speciation in action?. Anim. Behav. 58, 181–184. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1999.1115 (1999).
Erlandsson, J. Do reproductive strategy and breeding season influence the presence of mate recognition in the intertidal snail Littorina?. Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 41, 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2002.9652735 (2002).
Johannesson, K. et al. Male discrimination of female mucous trails permits assortative mating in a marine snail species. Evolution 62, 3178–3184. https://doi.org/10.2307/25483552 (2008).
Ng, T. P. & Johannesson, K. No precopulatory inbreeding avoidance in the intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis. J. Molluscan Stud. 82, 213–215. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyv035 (2016).
Reid, D. G. Systematics and evolution of Littorina. vol. 164 (The Ray Society, 1996).
Granovitch, A. I., Mikhailova, N. A., Znamenskaya, O. & Petrova, Y. A. Species complex of mollusks of the genus Littorina (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) from the eastern Murman coast. Zool. Z. 83, 1305–1316 (2004) (In Russian).
Reid, D. G., Dyal, P. & Williams, S. T. A global molecular phylogeny of 147 periwinkle species (Gastropoda, Littorininae). Zool. Scr. 41, 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00505.x (2012).
Granovitch, A. I., Maximovich, A. N., Avanesyan, A. V., Starunova, Z. I. & Mikhailova, N. A. Micro-spatial distribution of two sibling periwinkle species across the intertidal indicates hybrdization. Genetica 141, 293–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-013-9728-3 (2013).
Raffaelli, D. G. Observations of the copulatory behavior of Littorina rudis Maton and Littorina nigrolineata Gray (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Veliger 20, 75–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00028082 (1977).
Saur, M. Mate discrimination in Littorina littorea (L.) and L. saxatilis (Olivi) (Mollusca:Prosobranchia). Hydrobiologia 193, 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00028082 (1990).
Erlandsson, J. & Johannesson, K. Sexual selection on female size in a marine snail, Littorina littorea (L.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 181, 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(94)90125-2 (1994).
Johannesson, K., Rolán-Alvarez, E. & Ekendahl, A. Incipient reproductive isolation between two sympatric morphs of the intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis. Evolution 49, 1180–1190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb04445.x (1995).
Rolán-Alvarez, E., Zapata, C. & Alvarez, G. Multilocus heterozygosity and sexual selection in a natural population of the marine snail Littorina mariae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Heredity 75, 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1995.99 (1995).
Erlandsson, J. & Rolán-Alvarez, E. Sexual selection and assortative mating by size and their roles in the maintenance of a polymorphism in Swedish Littorina saxatilis populations. Hydrobiologia 378, 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003277202763 (1998).
Rolán-Alvarez, E., Erlandsson, J., Johannesson, K. & Cruz, R. Mechanisms of incomplete prezygotic reproductive isolation in an intertidal snail: testing behavioural models in wild populations. J. Evol. Biol. 12, 879–890. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00086.x (1999).
Johannesson, K., Saltin, S. H., Duranovic, I., Havenhand, J. N. & Jonsson, P. R. Indiscriminate males: Mating behaviour of a marine snail compromised by a sexual conflict?. PLoS ONE 5, e12005. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012005 (2010).
Ng, T. P. T., Davies, M. S., Stafford, R. & Williams, G. A. Mucus trail following as a mate-searching strategy in mangrove littorinid snails. Anim. Behav. 82, 459–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.017 (2011).
Saltin, S. H. Mate Choice and Its Evolutionary Consequences in Intertidal Snails (Littorina spp.). (Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy). Gothenburg, Sweden: University of Gothenburg. (2013).
Estévez, D. et al. A novel method to estimate the spatial scale of mate choice in the wild. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72, 195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2622-3 (2018).
Carvajal-Rodríguez, A. Multi-model inference of non-random mating from an information theoretic approach. Theor. Popul. Biol. 131, 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2019.11.002 (2020).
Perini, S., Rafajlović, M., Westram, A. M., Johannesson, K. & Butlin, R. K. Assortative mating, sexual selection, and their consequences for gene flow in Littorina. Evolution 74, 1482–1497. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14027 (2020).
Hollander, J., Lindegarth, M. & Johannesson, K. Local adaptation but not geographical separation promotes assortative mating in a snail. Anim. Behav. 70, 1209–1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.03.014 (2005).
Merrell, D. J. Measurement of sexual isolation and selective mating. Evolution https://doi.org/10.2307/2405599 (1950).
Rolán-Alvarez, E. & Caballero, A. Estimating sexual selection and sexual isolation effects from mating frequencies. Evolution 54, 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00004.x (2000).
Ter Braak, C. J. F. Partial canonical correspondence analysis. In Classification and Related Methods of data Analysis: Proceedings of the First Conference of the International Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS), Technical University of Aachen, FRG, 29 June-1 July 1987 551–558 (Elsevier, 1988).
Legendre, P. & Legendre, L. Numerical Ecology Vol. 24 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012).
Hannaford Ellis, C. J. Patterns of reproduction in four Littorina species. J. Molluscan Stud. 49, 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065711 (1983).
Sokolova, I. M. Influence of trematodes on the demography of Littorina saxatilis (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Littorinidae) in the White Sea. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 21, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao021091 (1995).
Hull, S. L., Grahame, J. & Mill, P. J. Reproduction in four populations of brooding periwinkle (Littorina) at Ravenscar, North Yorkshire: Adaptation to the local environment?. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. 79, 891–898. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315499001058 (1999).
Ganzha, E. V., Granovitch, A. I., Petrova, Y. A. & Mikhailova, N. A. Hystological analysis of penial glands of Littorina mollusks. Vestn. -Peterbg. Univ. 3, 40–46 (2006) (In Russian).
Granovitch, A. I., Loskutova, Z. I., Gracheva, Y. A. & Mikhailova, N. A. Morphometric comparison of the copulatory organ in mollusks of ‘saxatilis’ species complex (Caenogastropoda: Littorinidae): problems of identification of species and species status. Zool. Z. 87, 1425–1436 (2008).
Mikhailova, N. A., Gracheva, Y. A. & Granovitch, A. I. Analysis of the interspecific mating frequency in the copulating pairs of the marine gastropods genus Littorina in “saxatilis” complex. Vestn. St Petersburg State Univ. 3, 5–9 (2008) (In Russian).
Mikhailova, N. A., Gracheva, Y. A., Backeljau, T. & Granovitch, A. I. A potential species-specific molecular marker suggests interspecific hybridization between sibling species Littorina arcana and L. saxatilis (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) in natural populations. Genetica 137, 333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-009-9397-4 (2009).
Reid, D. G. Barnacle-dwelling ecotypes of three British Littorina species and the status of Littorina neglecta Bean. J. Molluscan Stud. 59, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/59.1.51 (1993).
Warwick, T., Knight, A. & Ward, R. Hybridisation in the Littorina saxatilis species complex (Prosobranchia: Mollusca). Hydrobiologia 193, 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00028070 (1990).
Stankowski, S. et al. The evolution of strong reproductive isolation between sympatric intertidal snails. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 375, 20190545. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0545 (2020).
Rolán-Alvarez, E. et al. The scale-of-choice effect and how estimates of assortative mating in the wild can be biased due to heterogeneous samples. Evolution 69, 1845–1857. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12691 (2015).
Ng, T. P. T., Williams, G. A., Davies, M. S., Stafford, R. & Rolán-Alvarez, E. Sampling scale can cause bias in positive assortative mating estimates: Evidence from two intertidal snails. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 119, 414–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12839 (2016).
Mirkin, B. Mathematical Classification and Clustering (Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, 1996).
Rand, W. M. Objective criteria for the evaluation of clustering methods. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 66, 846–850. https://doi.org/10.2307/2284239 (1971).
Galili, T. dendextend: an R package for visualizing, adjusting and comparing trees of hierarchical clustering. Bioinformatics 31, 3718–3720. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv428 (2015).
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Version 3.6.0. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2019).
RStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. (2019).
Borcard, D., Gillet, F. & Legendre, P. Numerical Ecology with R (Springer-Verlag, New York, 2011).
Oksanen, J. et al. vegan: Community Ecology Package. R Package Version 2.5–5. (2019).
Bateman, A. J. Analysis of data on sexual isolation. Evolution https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1949.tb00017.x (1949).
Pérez-Figueroa, A., Caballero, A. & Rolán-Alvarez, E. Comparing the estimation properties of different statistics for measuring sexual isolation from mating frequencies. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 85, 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00491.x (2005).
Wheeler, B. & Torchiano, M. lmPerm: Permutation Tests for Linear Models. R Package Version 2.1–0. (2016).
Maxwell, S. E., Delaney, H. D. & Kelley, K. Designing Experiments and Analyzing Data: A model Comparison Perspective (Routledge, London, 2017).
Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer-Verlag, New York, 2016).
Struhsaker, J. W. Breeding, spawning, spawning periodicity and early development in the Hawaiian Littorina: L. pintado (Wood), L. picta Philippi and L. scabra (Linné). J. Molluscan Stud. 37, 137–166. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a064985 (1966).
Kemppainen, P., Panova, M., Hollander, J. & Johannesson, K. Complete lack of mitochondrial divergence between two species of NE Atlantic marine intertidal gastropods. J. Evol. Biol. 22, 2000–2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01810.x (2009).
Carvalho, J. et al. De novo isolation of 17 microsatellite loci for flat periwinkles (Littorina fabalis and L. obtusata) and their application for species discrimination and hybridization studies. J. Molluscan Stud. 81, 421–425. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyv014 (2015).
Costa, D. et al. Hybridization patterns between two marine snails, Littorina fabalis and L. obtusata. Ecol. Evol. 10, 1158–1179. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5943 (2020).
Carvalho, J., Sotelo, G., Galindo, J. & Faria, R. Genetic characterization of flat periwinkles (Littorinidae) from the Iberian Peninsula reveals interspecific hybridization and different degrees of differentiation. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 118, 503–519. https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12762 (2016).
Maltseva, A. L. et al. Proteomic similarity of the Littorinid snails in the evolutionary context. PeerJ 8, e8546. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8546 (2020).
Ng, T. P. et al. The causal relationship between sexual selection and sexual size dimorphism in marine gastropods. Anim. Behav. 148, 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.12.005 (2019).
Tatarenkov, A. & Johannesson, K. Evidence of a reproductive barrier between two forms of the marine periwinkle Littorina fabalis (Gastropoda). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 63, 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb01522.x (1998).
Carvalho, J. G. M. Study on the Diversification of Flat Periwinkles (Littorina fabalis and L. obtusata): Insights from Genetics and Geometric Morphometrics. Doctoral Dissertation (2014).
Lobov, A. A., Maltseva, A. L., Mikhailova, N. A. & Granovitch, A. I. LOSP: A newly identified sperm protein from Littorina obtusata. J. Molluscan Stud. 81, 512–515. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyv010 (2015).
Lobov, A. A. et al. LOSP: A putative marker of parasperm lineage in male reproductive system of the prosobranch mollusk Littorina obtusata. J. Exp. Zool. B 330, 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22803 (2018).
Buckland-Nicks, J. A., Healy, J. M., Jamieson, B. G. M. & O’Leary, S. Paraspermatogenesis in Littoraria (Palustorina) articulata, with reference to other Littorinidae (Littorinoidea, Caenogastropoda). Invertebr. Biol. 119, 254–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00012.x (2000).
Lobov, A. Gamete interaction proteins as factors of reproductive isolation of cryptic species of the genus Littorina Férussac, 1822. Thesis for the degree of Candidate of Biological Sciences. St.-Petersburg State University. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16769.68968. (2020).
Ng, T. P. et al. Snails and their trails: the multiple functions of trail-following in gastropods. Biol. Rev. 88, 683–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12023 (2013).
Erlandsson, J. & Kostylev, V. Trail following, speed and fractal dimension of movement in a marine prosobranch, Littorina littorea, during a mating and a non-mating season. Mar. Biol. 122, 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00349281 (1995).
Rolán-Alvarez, E. et al. Nonallopatric and parallel origin of local reproductive barriers between two snail ecotypes. Mol. Ecol. 13, 3415–3424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02330.x (2004).
Grahame, J. W., Wilding, C. S. & Butlin, R. K. Adaptation to a steep environmental gradient and an associated barrier to gene exchange in Littorina saxatilis. Evolution 60, 268–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01105.x (2006).
Panova, M., Hollander, J. & Johannesson, K. Site-specific genetic divergence in parallel hybrid zones suggests nonallopatric evolution of reproductive barriers. Mol. Ecol. 15, 4021–4031. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03067.x (2006).
Maltseva, A. L. et al. Measuring physiological similarity of closely related littorinid species: A proteomic insight. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 552, 177–193. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11770 (2016).
Ward, R. D., Warwick, T. & Knight, A. J. Genetic analysis of ten polymorphic enzyme loci in Littorina saxatilis (Prosobranchia: Mollusca). Heredity 57, 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1986.113 (1986).
Dopman, E. B., Robbins, P. S. & Seaman, A. Components of reproductive isolation between North American pheromone strains of the European corn borer. Evol. Int. J. Org. Evol. 64, 881–902. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00883.x (2010).
Weissing, F. J., Edelaar, P. & Van Doorn, G. S. Adaptive speciation theory: A conceptual review. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 65, 461–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-1125-7 (2011).
Lobov, A., Maltseva, A., Mikhailova, N. & Granovitch, A. The molecular mechanisms of gametic incompatibility in invertebrates. Acta Nat. 11, 4–15 (2019).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
