Housley, R. A., Gamble, C. S., Street, M. & Pettitt, P. Radiocarbon evidence for the lateglacial human recolonisation of Northern Europe. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 63, 25–54 (1997).
Blockley, S. P. E., Donahue, R. E. & Pollard, A. M. Radiocarbon calibration and Late Glacial occupation in northwest Europe. Antiquity 74, 112–119 (2000).
Terberger, T., Barton, N. & Street, M. in Humans, Environment and Chronology of the Late Glacial of the North European Plain (eds Street, M. et al.) 189–207 (Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, 2009).
Miller, R. Mapping the expansion of the Northwest Magdalenian. Quat. Int. 272–273, 209–230 (2012).
Riede, F. & Pedersen, J. B. Late Glacial human dispersals in Northern Europe and disequilibrium dynamics. Hum. Ecol. 46, 621–632 (2018).
Lazaridis, I. et al. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513, 409–413 (2014).
Google Scholar
Jones, E. R. et al. Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians. Nat. Commun. 6, 8912 (2015).
Google Scholar
Fu, Q. et al. The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature 534, 200–205 (2016).
Google Scholar
Villalba-Mouco, V. et al. Survival of Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherer ancestry in the Iberian Peninsula. Curr. Biol. 29, 1169–1177 (2019).
Willis, K. J. & Whittaker, R. J. Perspectives: paleoecology. The refugial debate. Science 287, 1406–1407 (2000).
Google Scholar
Sommer, R. S. & Nadachowski, A. Glacial refugia of mammals in Europe: evidence from fossil records. Mamm. Rev. 36, 251–265 (2006).
Bennett, K. D. & Provan, J. What do we mean by ‘refugia’? Quat. Sci. Rev. 27, 2449–2455 (2008).
Terberger, T. & Street, M. Hiatus or continuity? New results for the question of pleniglacial settlement in Central Europe. Antiquity 76, 691–698 (2002).
Maier, A. in The Central European Magdalenian. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology (ed. Maier, A.) 231–241 (Springer, 2015).
Reade, H. et al. Radiocarbon chronology and environmental context of Last Glacial Maximum human occupation in Switzerland. Sci. Rep. 10, 4694 (2020).
Google Scholar
Stevens, R. E., Hermoso-Buxán, X. L., Marín-Arroyo, A. B., González-Morales, M. R. & Straus, L. G. Investigation of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene palaeoenvironmental change at El Mirón cave (Cantabria, Spain): insights from carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of red deer. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 414, 46–60 (2014).
Clark, C. D., Hughes, A. L. C., Greenwood, S. L., Jordan, C. & Sejrup, H. P. Pattern and timing of retreat of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet. Quat. Sci. Rev. 44, 112–146 (2012).
Currant, A. P. & Jacobi, R. in The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain Vol. 14 (eds Ashton, N. et al.) 165–180 (Elsevier, 2011).
Walker, M. J. C. et al. Devensian lateglacial environmental changes in Britain: a multi-proxy environmental record from Llanilid, South Wales, UK. Quat. Sci. Rev. 22, 475–520 (2003).
Hill, T. C. B. et al. Devensian late-glacial environmental change in the Gordano Valley, North Somerset, England: a rare archive for southwest Britain. J. Paleolimnol. 40, 431–444 (2008).
Jacobi, R. M. & Higham, T. F. G. The early Lateglacial re-colonization of Britain: new radiocarbon evidence from Gough’s Cave, southwest England. Quat. Sci. Rev. 28, 1895–1913 (2009).
Jacobi, R. & Higham, T. in The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain Vol. 14 (eds Ashton, N. M. et al.) 223–247 (Elsevier, 2011).
Grimm, S. B. & Weber, M.-J. The chronological framework of the Hamburgian in the light of old and new 14C dates. Quartär. 55, 17–40 (2008).
Olalde, I. et al. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555, 190–196 (2018).
Google Scholar
Brace, S. et al. Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 765–771 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jacobi, R. M. & Higham, T. F. G. The ‘Red Lady’ ages gracefully: new ultrafiltration AMS determinations from Paviland. J. Hum. Evol. 55, 898–907 (2008).
Google Scholar
Schulting, R. J. et al. A mid-upper Palaeolithic human humerus from Eel Point, South Wales, UK. J. Hum. Evol. 48, 493–505 (2005).
Google Scholar
Richards, M. P., Hedges, R. E. M., Jacobi, R., Current, A. & Stringer, C. FOCUS: Gough’s Cave and Sun Hole Cave human stable isotope values indicate a high animal protein diet in the British Upper Palaeolithic. J. Archaeol. Sci. 27, 1–3 (2000).
Proctor, C., Douka, K., Proctor, J. W. & Higham, T. The age and context of the KC4 Maxilla, Kent’s Cavern, UK. Eur. J. Archaeol. 20, 74–97 (2017).
Richards, M. P., Jacobi, R., Cook, J., Pettitt, P. B. & Stringer, C. B. Isotope evidence for the intensive use of marine foods by Late Upper Palaeolithic humans. J. Hum. Evol. 49, 390–394 (2005).
Google Scholar
Bello, S. M., Saladié, P., Cáceres, I., Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. & Parfitt, S. A. Upper Palaeolithic ritualistic cannibalism at Gough’s Cave (Somerset, UK): the human remains from head to toe. J. Hum. Evol. 82, 170–189 (2015).
Google Scholar
Andrews, P. & Fernández-Jalvo, Y. Cannibalism in Britain: taphonomy of the Creswellian (Pleistocene) faunal and human remains from Gough’s Cave (Somerset, England). Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Geol. 58, 59–81 (2003).
Bello, S. M., Parfitt, S. A. & Stringer, C. B. Earliest directly-dated human skull-cups. PLoS ONE 6, e17026 (2011).
Google Scholar
Currant, A. P., Jacobi, R. M. & Stringer, C. B. Excavations at Gough’s Cave, Somerset 1986–7. Antiquity 63, 131–136 (1989).
Davies, M. in Limestones and Caves of Wales (ed. Ford, T. D.) 92–101 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989).
Dawkins, W. B. Memorandum on the remains from the cave at the Great Ormes Head. Proc. Liverp. Geol. Soc. 4, 156–159 (1880).
Sieveking, G. & de, G. The Kendrick’s Cave mandible. Br. Mus. Q. 35, 230–250 (1971).
Pettitt, P. B. Discovery, nature and preliminary thoughts about Britain’s first cave art.Capra 5,1–12 (2003).
Bello, S. M., Wallduck, R., Parfitt, S. A. & Stringer, C. B. An Upper Palaeolithic engraved human bone associated with ritualistic cannibalism. PLoS ONE 12, e0182127 (2017).
Google Scholar
Bocherens, H. & Drucker, D. Isotope evidence for paleodiet of late Upper Paleolithic humans in Great Britain: a response to Richards et al. 2005. J. Hum. Evol. 51, 440–442 (2006).
Google Scholar
Fernandes, R., Millard, A. R., Brabec, M., Nadeau, M.-J. & Grootes, P. Food reconstruction using isotopic transferred signals (FRUITS): a Bayesian model for diet reconstruction. PLoS ONE 9, e87436 (2014).
Google Scholar
Rasmussen, S. O. et al. A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climatic changes during the Last Glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy. Quat. Sci. Rev. 106, 14–28 (2014).
Kloss-Brandstätter, A. et al. HaploGrep: a fast and reliable algorithm for automatic classification of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. Hum. Mutat. 32, 25–32 (2011).
Google Scholar
Skoglund, P., Storå, J., Götherström, A. & Jakobsson, M. Accurate sex identification of ancient human remains using DNA shotgun sequencing. J. Archaeol. Sci. 40, 4477–4482 (2013).
Google Scholar
Haak, W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207–211 (2015).
Google Scholar
Fu, Q. et al. An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. Nature 524, 216–219 (2015).
Google Scholar
Patterson, N., Price, A. L. & Reich, D. Population structure and eigenanalysis. PLoS Genet. 2, e190 (2006).
Google Scholar
Price, A. L. et al. Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nat. Genet. 38, 904–909 (2006).
Google Scholar
Mallick, S. et al. The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations. Nature 538, 201–206 (2016).
Google Scholar
Patterson, N. et al. Ancient admixture in human history. Genetics 192, 1065–1093 (2012).
Google Scholar
Harney, É., Patterson, N., Reich, D. & Wakeley, J. Assessing the performance of qpAdm: a statistical tool for studying population admixture. Genetics 217, iyaa045 (2021).
Google Scholar
Currant, A. & Jacobi, R. A formal mammalian biostratigraphy for the Late Pleistocene of Britain. Quat. Sci. Rev. 20, 1707–1716 (2001).
Pickard, C. & Bonsall, C. Post-glacial hunter-gatherer subsistence patterns in Britain: dietary reconstruction using FRUITS. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 12, 142 (2020).
Stevens, R. E., Jacobi, R. M. & Higham, T. F. G. Reassessing the diet of Upper Palaeolithic humans from Gough’s Cave and Sun Hole, Cheddar Gorge, Somerset, UK. J. Archaeol. Sci. 37, 52–61 (2010).
Sala, N. & Conard, N. Taphonomic analysis of the hominin remains from Swabian Jura and their implications for the mortuary practices during the Upper Paleolithic. Quat. Sci. Rev. 150, 278–300 (2016).
Saladié, P. & Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. Archaeological evidence for cannibalism in prehistoric Western Europe: from Homo antecessor to the Bronze Age. J. Archaeol. Method Theory 24, 1034–1071 (2017).
Cook, J. Ice Age Art: Arrival of the Modern Mind (British Museum Press, 2013).
Gupta, S., Collier, J. S., Palmer-Felgate, A. & Potter, G. Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel. Nature 448, 342–345 (2007).
Google Scholar
Mills, W. in From the Atlantic to Beyond the Bug River. Finding and Defining the Federmesser-Gruppen/Azilian (eds Grimm, S. B. et al.) 1–24 (Propylaeum, 2020).
Amkreutz, L. et al. What lies beneath … Late Glacial human occupation of the submerged North Sea landscape. Antiquity 92, 22–37 (2018).
Ward, I., Larcombe, P. & Lillie, M. The dating of Doggerland—post-glacial geochronology of the southern North Sea. Environ. Archaeol. 11, 207–218 (2006).
Brock, F., Higham, T., Ditchfield, P. & Ramsey, C. B. Current pretreatment methods for AMS radiocarbon dating at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU). Radiocarbon 52, 103–112 (2010).
Google Scholar
Dabney, J. et al. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 15758–15763 (2013).
Google Scholar
Meyer, M. & Kircher, M. Illumina sequencing library preparation for highly multiplexed target capture and sequencing. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. 2010, pdb.prot5448 (2010).
Rohland, N., Harney, E., Mallick, S., Nordenfelt, S. & Reich, D. Partial uracil–DNA–glycosylase treatment for screening of ancient DNA. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 370, 20130624 (2015).
Kircher, M., Sawyer, S. & Meyer, M. Double indexing overcomes inaccuracies in multiplex sequencing on the Illumina platform. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, e3 (2012).
Google Scholar
Briggs, A. W. et al. Patterns of damage in genomic DNA sequences from a Neandertal. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 14616–14621 (2007).
Google Scholar
Skoglund, P. et al. Separating endogenous ancient DNA from modern day contamination in a Siberian Neandertal. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 2229–2234 (2014).
Google Scholar
Quinlan, A. R. & Hall, I. M. BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features. Bioinformatics 26, 841–842 (2010).
Google Scholar
Petr, M., Vernot, B. & Kelso, J. admixr—R package for reproducible analyses using ADMIXTOOLS. Bioinformatics 35, 3194–3195 (2019).
Google Scholar
Busing, F. M., Meijer, E. & Van Der Leeden, R. Delete-m jackknife for unequal m. Stat. Comput. 9, 3–8 (1999).
Fu, Q. et al. Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia. Nature 514, 445–449 (2014).
Google Scholar
Raghavan, M. et al. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature 505, 87–91 (2014).
Google Scholar
Lazaridis, I. et al. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East. Nature 536, 419–424 (2016).
Google Scholar
Lipson, M. et al. Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers. Nature 551, 368–372 (2017).
Google Scholar
Gallego Llorente, M. et al. Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent. Science 350, 820–822 (2015).
Google Scholar
Villalba-Mouco, V. et al. Survival of Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherer ancestry in the Iberian Peninsula. Curr. Biol. 29, 1169–1177 (2019).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com