in

Small-scale spontaneous dynamics in temperate beech stands as an importance driver for beetle species richness

  • Lindenmayer, D. B., Cunningham, R. B., Donnelly, C. F. & Lesslie, R. On the use of landscape surrogates as ecological indicators in fragmented forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 159(3), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00433-9 (2002).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannah, L., Carr, J. L. & Lankerani, A. Human disturbance and natural habitat: a biome level analysis of a global data set. Biodivers. Conserv. 4(2), 128–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00137781 (1995).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabatini, F. M. et al. Where are europe’s last primary forests?. Divers. Distrib. 24(10), 1426–1439. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12778 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikoláš, M. et al. Primary forest distribution and representation in a central european landscape: results of a large-scale field-based census. For. Ecol. Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117466 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilmers, T. et al. Biodiversity along temperate forest succession. J. Appl. Ecol. 55(6), 2756–2766. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13238 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, T. A., Svoboda, M. & Diaci, J. Regeneration patterns after intermediate wind disturbance in an old-growth fagus-abies forest in southeastern Slovenia. For. Ecol. Manag. 226(1–3), 268–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.039 (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorn, S. et al. Estimating retention benchmarks for salvage logging to protect biodiversity. Nat. Commun. 11, 4762. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18612-4 (2020).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallmann, C. A. et al. More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185809 (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Bayo, F. & Wyckhuys, K. A. G. Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: a review of its drivers. Biol. Conserv. 232, 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Seibold, S. et al. Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers. Nature 574, 671–674. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1684-3 (2019).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Seibold, S. et al. Experimental studies of dead-wood biodiversity — a review identifying global gaps in knowledge. Biol. Conserv. 191, 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.06.006 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Paillet, Y. et al. Biodiversity differences between managed and unmanaged forests: meta-analysis of species richness in Europe. Conserv. Biol. 24(1), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01399.x (2010).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cálix, M., Alexander, K. N. A., Nieto, A., Dodelin, B. et al. European Red List of Saproxylic Beetles (IUCN. 19 s, Brussels, Belgium, 2018). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/europe/publications

  • Schiegg, K. Effects of dead wood volume and connectivity on saproxylic insect species diversity. Écoscience 7(3), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2000.11682598 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, J. et al. Implications from large-scale spatial diversity patterns of saproxylic beetles for the conservation of european beech forests. Insect Conserv. Divers. 6(2), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00200.x (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, A. et al. Animal diversity in beech forests – an analysis of 30 years of intense faunistic research in hessian strict forest reserves. For. Ecol. Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119564 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, J., Fritz, Ö. & Richnau, G. Biodiversity in European beech forests—a review with recommendations for sustainable forest management. Ecol. Bull. 53, 77–94 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilek, L., Remes, J. & Zahradnik, D. Managed vs. unmanaged. Structure of beech forest stands (Fagus sylvatica L.) after 50 years of development central Bohemia. For. Syst. 20(1), 122–138. https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2011201-10243 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, J., Bußler, H. & Kneib, T. Saproxylic beetle assemblages related to silvicultural management intensity and stand structures in a beech forest in southern Germany. J. Insect Conserv. 12(2), 107–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-006-9065-2 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Doerfler, I., Müller, J., Gossner, M. M., Hofner, B. & Weisser, W. W. Success of a deadwood enrichment strategy in production forests depends on stand type and management intensity. For. Ecol. Manag. 400, 607–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.06.013 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Doerfler, I., Gossner, M. M., Müller, J., Seibold, S. & Weisser, W. W. Deadwood enrichment combining integrative and segregative conservation elements enhances biodiversity of multiple taxa in managed forests. Biol. Conserv. 228, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.10.013 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Doerfler, I. et al. Restoration-oriented forest management affects community assembly patterns of deadwood-dependent organisms. J. Appl. Ecol. 57(12), 2429–2440. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13741 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zumr, V., Remeš, J. & Pulkrab, K. How to increase biodiversity of saproxylic beetles in commercial stands through integrated forest management in central Europe. Forests https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060814 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Svoboda, M., Fraver, S., Janda, P., Bače, R. & Zenáhlíková, J. Natural development and regeneration of a central european montane spruce forest. For. Ecol. Manag. 260(5), 707–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.05.027 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Šebková, B. et al. Spatial and volume patterns of an unmanaged submontane mixed forest in central Europe: 160 years of spontaneous dynamics. For. Ecol. Manag. 262(5), 873–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.028 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bílek, L. et al. Gap regeneration in near-natural european beech forest stands in central bohemia – the role of heterogeneity and micro-habitat factors. Dendrobiology https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.071.006 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Čada, V. et al. Frequent severe natural disturbances and non-equilibrium landscape dynamics shaped the mountain spruce forest in central Europe. For. Ecol. Manag. 363, 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.12.023 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorn, S. et al. Impacts of salvage logging on biodiversity: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 55(1), 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12945 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schelhaas, M.-J., Nabuurs, G.-J. & Schuck, A. Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries. Glob. Change Biol. 9(11), 1620–1633. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00684.x (2003).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vera, F. W. M. (ed.) Grazing Ecology and Forest History (CABI, 2000). https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994420.0000.

    Book 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vera, F. W. M. The dynamic European forest. Arboric. J. 26(3), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2002.9747335 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, M. E. et al. The forgotten stage of forest succession: early-successional ecosystems on forest sites. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1890/090157 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lachat, T. et al. Influence of canopy gaps on saproxylic beetles in primeval beech forests: a case study from the Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh forest, Ukraine. Insect Conserv. Divers. 9(6), 559–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12188 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gossner, M. M. et al. Current near-to-nature forest management effects on functional trait composition of saproxylic beetles in beech forests. Conserv. Biol. 27(3), 605–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12023 (2013).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Procházka, J. & Schlaghamerský, J. Does dead wood volume affect saproxylic beetles in montane beech-fir forests of central Europe?. J. Insect Conserv. 23(1), 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-019-00130-4 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, S. & Möller, G. C. Microhabitats in lowland beech forests as monitoring tool for nature conservation. For. Ecol. Manag. 255(3–4), 1251–1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.029 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouget, C., Larrieu, L. & Brin, A. Key features for saproxylic beetle diversity derived from rapid habitat assessment in temperate forests. Ecol. Ind. 36, 656–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.09.031 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sebek, P. et al. Open-grown trees as key habitats for arthropods in temperate woodlands: the diversity, composition, and conservation value of associated communities. For. Ecol. Manag. 380, 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.08.052 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozel, P. et al. Connectivity and succession of open structures as a key to sustaining light-demanding biodiversity in deciduous forests. J. Appl. Ecol. 58(12), 2951–2961. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14019 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, T. A., Svoboda, M. & Kobal, M. Disturbance, life history traits, and dynamics in an old-growth forest landscape of southeastern Europe. Ecol. Appl. 24(4), 663–679. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0632.1 (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, M. et al. The forest cycle of Suserup Skov – revisited and revised. Ecol. Bull. 52, 33–42 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  • Trotsiuk, V., Hobi, M. L. & Commarmot, B. Age structure and disturbance dynamics of the relic virgin beech forest Uholka (Ukrainian Carpathians). For. Ecol. Manag. 265, 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.042 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wermelinger, B., Duelli, P. & Obrist, M. K. Dynamics of saproxylic beetles (Coleoptera) in windthrow areas in alpine spruce forests. For. Snow Landsc. Res. 77, 133–148 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wermelinger, B. et al. Impact of windthrow and salvage-logging on taxonomic and functional diversity of forest arthropods. For. Ecol. Manag. 391, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.01.033 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, P., Schmidt, M., Feldmann, E., Willig, J. & Larkin, R. Long-term development of species richness in a central European beech (Fagus Sylvatica) forest affected by windthrow—support for the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?. Ecol. Evol. 11(18), 12801–12815. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8028 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Korpeľ, S. Die Urwälder der Westkarpaten (Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, 1995) (in German).

    Google Scholar 

  • Emborg, J., Christensen, M. & Heilmann-Clausen, J. The structural dynamics of Suserup Skov, a near natural temperate deciduous forest in Denmark. For. Ecol. Manag. 126, 173–189 (2000).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Peňa, J., Remeš, J. & Bílek, L. Dynamics of natural regeneration of even-aged beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands at different shelterwood densities. J. For. Sci. 56(12), 580–588 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bílek, L., Peňa, J. F. B., Remeš, J. (2013b). National Nature Reserve Voděradské Bučiny 30 Years of Forestry Research Folia Forestalia Bohemica edn, Vol. 86 (Lesnická práce, 2013).

  • Ruchin, A. B. & Egorov, L. V. Vertical stratification of beetles in deciduous forest communities in the centre of European Russia. Diversity 13, 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13110508 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmain, G. et al. Can rove beetles (Staphylinidae) be excluded in studies focusing on saproxylic beetles in central European beech forests?. Bull. Entomol. Res. 105(1), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485314000741 (2015).

    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidl, J. & Bußler, H. Ökologische gilden xylobionter Käfer Deutschlands. Nat. Landsch. 36, 202–218 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seibold, S. et al. Association of extinction risk of saproxylic beetles with ecological degradation of forests in Europe. Conserv. Biol. 29(2), 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12427 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hejda, R., Farkač, J. & Chobot, K. Red List of Threatened Species of the Czech Republic Vol. 36, 1–612 (Agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny České republiky, Praha, 2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepš, J., Šmilauer, P. Biostatistika (Nakladatelství Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích, 2016)

  • Chao, A. Non-parametric estimation of the number of classes in a population. Scand. J. Stat. 11, 265–270 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, A. Estimating the population size for capture-recapture data with unequal catchability. Biometrics 43, 783–791 (1987).

    MathSciNet 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Colwell, R. K. EstimateS: Statistical Estimation of Species Richness and Shared Species from Samples. Version 9. User’s Guide and application published at: http://purl.oclc.org/estimates (2013).

  • Seibold, S. et al. Experiments with dead wood reveal the importance of dead branches in the canopy for saproxylic beetle conservation. For. Ecol. Manag. 409, 564–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.052 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, A. et al. Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. Ecol. Monogr. 84, 45–67. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0133.1 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, A., Ma, K. H., Hsieh, T. C. iNEXT (iNterpolation and EXTrapolation)Online: Software for Interpolation and Extrapolation of Species Diversity. ProgramandUser’s Guide published at http://chao.stat.nthu.edu.tw/wordpress/software_download/ (2016).

  • Schenker, N. & Gentleman, J. F. On judging the significance of differences by examining the overlap between confidence intervals. Am. Stat. 55, 182–186 (2001).

    MathSciNet 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Horak, J. et al. Biodiversity of most dead wood-dependent organisms in thermophilic temperate oak woodlands thrives on diversity of open landscape structures. For. Ecol. Manag. 315, 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.12.018 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepš, J. & Šmilauer, P. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using Canoco (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615146.

    Book 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Šmilauer, P. & Lepš, J. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using Canoco 5 2nd edn. (New York, 2014).

    Book 

    Google Scholar 

  • Parisi, F. et al. Spatial patterns of saproxylic beetles in a relic silver fir forest (Central Italy), relationships with forest structure and biodiversity indicators. For. Ecol. Manag. 381, 217–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.09.041 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Siitonen, J. Decaying wood and saproxylic coleoptera in two old spruce forests: a comparison based on two sampling methods. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 31, 89–95 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alinvi, O., Ball, J. P., Danell, K., Hjältén, J. & Pettersson, R. B. Sampling saproxylic beetle assemblages in dead wood logs: comparing window and eclector traps to traditional bark sieving and a refinement. J. Insect Conserv. 11(2), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-006-9012-2 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Økland, B. A comparison of three methods of trapping saproxylic beetles. Eur. J. Entomol. 93, 195–209 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinto, J., Marcos-García, M. D. L. Á., Brustel, H., Galante, E. & Micó, E. Effectiveness of three sampling methods to survey saproxylic beetle assemblages in mediterranean Woodland. J. Insect Conserv. 17(4), 765–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-013-9559-7 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, J. et al. Increasing temperature may compensate for lower amounts of dead wood in driving richness of saproxylic beetles. Ecography 38(5), 499–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.00908 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiegg, K. Are there saproxylic beetle species characteristic of high dead wood connectivity?. Ecography 23, 579–587 (2000).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouget, C., Larrieu, L., Nusillard, B. & Parmain, G. In search of the best local habitat drivers for saproxylic beetle diversity in temperate deciduous forests. Biodivers. Conserv. 22(9), 2111–2130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0531-3 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, J. & Isacsson, G. Restoration of beech forest for saproxylic beetles—effects of habitat fragmentation and substrate density on species diversity and distribution. Biodivers. Conserv. 18(9), 2387–2404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9595-5 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckelt, A. et al. “Primeval forest relict beetles” of central Europe: a set of 168 umbrella species for the protection of primeval forest remnants. J. Insect Conserv. 22(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-017-0028-6 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Speight, M. C. D. (1989). Saproxylic Invertebrates and Their Conservation. Saproxylic Invertebrates and Their Conservation, Vol. 42, Nature and Environmental Series, Strasbourg, 81.

  • Gustafsson, L. et al. Research on retention forestry in northern Europe. Ecol. Process. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0208-2 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zumr, V. & Remeš, J. Saproxylic beetles as an indicator of forest biodiversity and the influence of forest management on their crucial life attributes: review. Rep. For. Res. 65, 242–257 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouget, C. & Duelli, P. The effects of windthrow on forest insect communities: a literature review. Biol. Cons. 118(3), 281–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.09.009 (2004).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gran, O. & Götmark, F. Long-term experimental management in Swedish mixed oak-rich forests has a positive effect on saproxylic beetles after 10 years. Biodivers. Conserv. 28, 1451–1472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01736-5 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahrig, L. & Storch, D. Why do several small patches hold more species than few large patches?. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 29(4), 615–628. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13059 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, J., Engel, H. & Blaschke, M. Assemblages of wood-inhabiting fungi related to silvicultural management intensity in beech forests in southern Germany. Eur. J. For. Res. 126(4), 513–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-007-0173-7 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Friess, N. et al. Arthropod communities in fungal fruitbodies are weakly structured by climate and biogeography across European beech forests. Divers. Distrib. 25(5), 783–796. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12882 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Brin, A., Brustel, H. & Jactel, H. Species variables or environmental variables as indicators of forest biodiversity: a case study using saproxylic beetles in maritime pine plantations. Ann. For. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest/2009009 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, J. & Bütler, R. A review of habitat thresholds for dead wood: a baseline for management recommendations in european forests. Eur. J. For. Res. 129(6), 981–992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-010-0400-5 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Alencar, J. B. R., Fonseca, C. R. V., Marra, D. M. & Baccaro, F. B. Windthrows promote higher diversity of saproxylic beetles (Coleoptera: Passalidae) in a central Amazon forest. Insect Conserv. Divers. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12523 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Audisio, P. et al. Preliminary re-examination of genus-level taxonomy of the pollen beetle subfamily Meligethinae (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Acta Entomol. Musei Natl. Pragae 49(2), 341–504 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burakowski, B., Mroczkowski, M., Stefańska, J. Chrząszcze – Coleoptera. Ryjkowce – Curculionidae, Część 1. Katalog Fauny Polski Vol. XXIII, no, 19 Warszawa.

  • Laibner, S. Elateridae of the Czech and Slovak Republics (Kabourek, Zlín, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, T. & Reichhart, B. Staphylinidae and Carabidae overwintering in wheat and sown wildflower areas of different age. Bull. Entomol. Res. 94(3), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1079/BER2004301 (2004).

    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, S., Kahl, T. & Bauhus, J. Decomposition dynamics of coarse woody debris of three important central European tree species. For. Ecosyst. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-015-0052-5 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hararuk, O., Kurz, W. A. & Didion, M. Dynamics of dead wood decay in swiss forests. For. Ecosyst. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-020-00248-x (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonsell, M., Weslien, J. & Ehnström, B. Substrate requirements of red-listed saproxylic invertebrates in Sweden. Biodivers. Conserv. 7(6), 749–764. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008888319031 (1998).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobiec, A. (ed.) The After Life of a Tree 252 (Warsawa, WWF Poland, 2005).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gossner, M. M. et al. Deadwood enrichment in European forests – which tree species should be used to promote saproxylic beetle diversity?. Biol. Cons. 201, 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.06.032 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, S. et al. Optimizing enrichment of deadwood for biodiversity by varying sun exposure and tree species: an experimental approach. J. Appl. Ecol. 57(10), 2075–2085. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13648 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gough, L. A. et al. Specialists in ancient trees are more affected by climate than generalists. Ecol. Evol. 5(23), 5632–5641. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1799 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch Widerberg, M., Ranius, T., Drobyshev, I., Nilsson, U. & Lindbladh, M. Increased openness around retained oaks increases species richness of saproxylic beetles. Biodivers. Conserv. 21(12), 3035–3059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0353-8 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Horák, J., Pavlíček, J., Kout, J. & Halda, J. P. Winners and losers in the wilderness: response of biodiversity to the abandonment of ancient forest pastures. Biodivers. Conserv. 27(11), 3019–3029. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1585-z (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandekerkhove, K. et al. Saproxylic beetles in non-intervention and coppice-with-standards restoration management in meerdaal forest (Belgium): an exploratory analysis. IFor. Biogeosci. For. 9(4), 536–545. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1841-009 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lachat, T. et al. Saproxylic beetles as indicator species for dead-wood amount and temperature in European beech forests. Ecol. Ind. 23, 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.04.013 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, J. et al. Primary determinants of communities in deadwood vary among taxa but are regionally consistent. Oikos 129(10), 1579–1588. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.07335 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Černecká, Ľ, Mihál, I., Gajdoš, P. & Jarčuška, B. The effect of canopy openness of European beech (Fagus Sylvatica) forests on ground-dwelling spider communities. Insect Conserv. Divers. 13(3), 250–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12380 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, L. et al. Does closure of traditionally managed open woodlands threaten epigeic invertebrates? Effects of coppicing and high deer densities. Biol. Cons. 141(3), 827–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.01.005 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Podrázský, V., Remeš, J. & Farkač, J. Složení společenstev střevlíkovitých brouků (Coleoptera: Carabidae) v lesních porostech s různou druhovou strukturou a systémem hospodaření. Zpr. Lesn. Výzk. 55, 10–15 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Welti, E. A. R. et al. Temperature drives variation in flying insect biomass across a german malaise trap network. Insect Conserv. Divers. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12555 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Brang, P. et al. Suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate European forests to climate change. Forestry 87(4), 492–503. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpu018 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schall, P. et al. The impact of even-aged and uneven-aged forest management on regional biodiversity of multiple taxa in European beech forests. J. Appl. Ecol. 55(1), 267–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12950 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Leidinger, J. et al. Shifting tree species composition affects biodiversity of multiple taxa in central European forests. For. Ecol. Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119552 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, M. et al. Dead wood in European beech (Fagus Sylvatica) forest reserves. For. Ecol. Manag. 210(1–3), 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.032 (2005).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Plieninger, T. et al. Wood-pastures of Europe: geographic coverage, social-ecological values, conservation management, and policy implications. Biol. Cons. 190, 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.05.014 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, M. et al. The effect of coppicing on insect biodiversity. Small-scale mosaics of successional stages drive community turnover. For. Ecol. Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118774 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 


  • Source: Ecology - nature.com

    MIT engineers design surfaces that make water boil more efficiently

    Comparative efficacy of phosphorous supplements with phosphate solubilizing bacteria for optimizing wheat yield in calcareous soils