Abstract
Studying the diet of penguins is essential for understanding their role in marine ecosystems, evaluating their responses to environmental changes, and informing conservation strategies. This manuscript presents the ‘Penguin Diet Dataset-v2’, a comprehensive compilation of dietary data for 17 out of 19 currently recorded penguin species, obtained through a systematic review of the scientific literature. Spanning the 1980–2019 period and covering 149 global locations, the dataset includes 2.749 dietary entries with both qualitative and quantitative information on prey types. The dataset is enriched with metadata such as geographic locations, time periods, seasons, and life stages, providing insights into species-specific dietary patterns and ecological trends. Key prey groups include fish from the class Teleostei, crustaceans from the class Malacostraca, and mollusks from the class Cephalopoda. The Adélie Penguin and the Magellanic Penguin are the most extensively studied species. This dataset serves as a valuable resource for advancing research on penguin feeding ecology and addressing gaps in knowledge on understudied species, regions, and time periods.
Data availability
The Penguin Diet Dataset-v2, now publicly available on Digital.CSIC (https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/17565, URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/399953), brings together dietary data for 17 of the 19 known penguin species. Compiled in an accessible.xlsx format, the dataset includes detailed predator–prey interactions, along with essential metadata to support interpretation and reuse. Users will find clearly organized sheets for diet entries, variable definitions, species and prey codes, and geographic coordinates.
Code availability
No computational code is associated with this dataset, as all information has been exclusively sourced from available literature.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Helena Buil for her invaluable assistance with literature screening and data extraction. We also sincerely thank the Handling Editor and the two anonymous reviewers for their insightful and constructive feedback on the manuscript and accompanying dataset. This work is supported by the Spanish government through the following projects: SOSPEN (Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation, 2021, PID2021-124831OA-I00), SEASentinels (Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation, 2023, CNS2022-135631), and ProOceans (Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation, 2020, PID2020-118097RB-I00). Additionally, this research is part of the Integrated Marine Ecosystem Assessments (iMARES) research group, funded by the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (Generalitat de Catalunya), Grant No. 2021 SGR 00435. MG was supported by the FPI-SO fellowship (PRE2022-101875). This study is a contribution to the ICM-TEC (Trophic Ecology and Connectivity Scientific-Technical service of the Institut de Ciències del Mar CSIC; https://www.icm.csic.es/en/service/trophic-ecology-and-connectivity).
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F.R.: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing – original draft, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition; C.A.: methodology, investigation, data curation, writing – review & editing; M.G.: visualization, writing review & editing; M.C.: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, writing – review & editing, funding acquisition.
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Ramírez, F., Aparicio-Estalella, C., Gimeno, M. et al. A dataset on worldwide penguin diet.
Sci Data (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06458-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06458-8
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