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CH4 and N2O emissions increased following the conversion of aquaculture ponds to rice monoculture and rice–shrimp coculture fields in southeast China

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Abstract

In recent years, numerous aquaculture ponds in southeast China have been transformed into rice paddies or rice–shrimp fields. This shift in land use can potentially alter the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen, thereby influencing CH4 and N2O emissions. However, the exact impacts and factors driving these changes remain unclear. Herein, a two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate and compare CH4 and N2O emissions from shrimp ponds (SP), alongside reclaimed rice monoculture (RM) and rice–shrimp coculture (RS) fields that were converted from shrimp ponds. The findings showed that converting aquacultural wetlands to RM significantly increased annual emissions, with CH4 rising dramatically from 103 to 490 kg/(ha·yr) (a 375.7% increase) and N2O increasing from 4.22 to 7.39 kg/(ha·yr) (a 75.1% increase). However, further converting RM into RS notably reduced annual emissions, with CH4 decreasing from 490 to 189 kg/(ha·yr) and N2O from 7.39 to 4.32 kg/(ha·yr), corresponding to reductions of 61.4% and 41.5%, respectively. This agricultural land use change significantly impacted the reliance of CH4 and N2O fluxes on both biotic and abiotic variables across the three wetland systems, stemming from diverse agricultural practices. Furthermore, the scaled global warming potential (SGWP) and net ecosystem economic profit (NEEP)-SGWP of RM (24.1 t CO2-eq/(ha·yr) and 125 kg CO2-eq per $/(ha·yr)) were obviously higher than those of RS (9.66 t CO2-eq/(ha·yr) and 4.76 kg CO2-eq $/(ha·yr)) and SP (5.78 t CO2-eq/(ha·yr) and 1.1 kg CO2-eq per $/(ha·yr)), respectively. The results highlight that the conversion of aquaculture SP to RM and further to RS coculture can drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions while enhancing economic benefits, thereby addressing environmental and profitability issues arising from the reclamation of SP.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

Abbreviations

SP:

Shrimp ponds

RM:

Rice monoculture

RS:

Rice–shrimp coculture

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Acknowledgements

The project was supported by the Huzhou Public-Welfare Applied Research Project (No. 2022GZ24), Zhejiang Key Research and Development Project of China (No. 2022C02027) .

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Number 999, Hangchangqiao Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313001, Zhejiang, China

    Mei Liu, Dan Zhou, Songbao Zou, Meng Ni & Julin Yuan

  2. Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Minpeng Hu

  3. College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, 313000, China

    Yu Zhang

  4. Agricultural and Rural Office of Zhongguan Town, Huzhou, 313220, China

    Bin He

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Mei Liu: methodology, data curation, writing-original draft. Minpeng Hu: conceptualization, methodology. Dan Zhou and Songbao Zou: data curation, investigation. Yu Zhang and Bin He: investigation, visualization. Meng Ni: prepared figures and tables. Julin Yuan: supervision, writing-original draft. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Liu, M., Hu, M., Zhou, D. et al. CH4 and N2O emissions increased following the conversion of aquaculture ponds to rice monoculture and rice–shrimp coculture fields in southeast China.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-28979-3

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Keywords

  • Reclaimed land
  • Rice–shrimp coculture
  • CH4 and N2O emissions
  • Environmental factors

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