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Seasonal dynamics and species diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes in malaria endemic districts of Southern Odisha India


Abstract

Mosquitoes of the Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex genera are responsible for transmitting major vector-borne diseases. Malaria remains a significant public health concern in Odisha, primarily due to the state’s conducive environment for Anopheles mosquito breeding. This study, conducted between March 2021 and February 2023 across 11 traditionally hyper-endemic districts in southern Odisha, aimed to assess seasonal variations in Anopheles diversity, composition, and abundance. A total of 10,807 Anopheles mosquito’s species were collected manually indoors (house dwellings and cattle sheds) and outdoors (burrows, vegetation, tree holes, and culverts). Morphological identification revealed 18 Anopheles species. An. subpictus was the predominant species during the summer of 2021, with (328; 42.99%), and during the rainy season, with (1151; 46.60%), although its prevalence declined in subsequent years. An. culicifacies, a primary malaria vector, exhibited a consistent presence with (780; 31.58%) in the rainy season of 2021 and (798; 38.35%) in the rainy season of 2022. An. varuna remained scarce during summer and rainy seasons but peaked sharply in winter, with the highest prevalence in winter 2021–2022 (730; 35.56%) and winter 2022–2023 (485; 25.18%). Diversity indices (Shannon’s, Simpson’s, Pielou’s) and Correspondence Analysis identified Ganjam as the district with the highest species diversity (1.26–2.2). Seasonal variation had a statistically significant impact on species diversity (p < 0.001), surpassing the influence of district level factors. These findings show that seasonality strongly influences Anopheles populations and highlight the need for localized, evidence-based vector control. Monitoring of mosquito diversity is vital for shaping malaria interventions suited to Odisha’s transmission ecology.

Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

DDT:

Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane

IVM:

Integrated vector management

H’:

Shannon’s diversity index

D:

Simpson’s index

J’:

Pielou index

CA:

Correspondence analysis

OWMS:

Odisha weather monitoring systems

LLINs:

Long-lasting insecticidal nets

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Acknowledgements

We extend sincere appreciation to Malaria Elimination Research Alliance (MERA) India for providing the essential funding that made this project possible. We are also deeply grateful to the technical staff for their invaluable assistance throughout the study. Furthermore, we acknowledge the support and cooperation of the inhabitants of all sampling sites and the dedicated volunteers whose significant contributions during fieldwork were indispensable. This research would not have been possible without their collective efforts.

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Contributions

Conceptualization and design: ANS, and AK.Writing – original draft preparation: DTK, MMB and ANS; Conducting the field study and supervision: DKP, DC, PA, MP and MMBWriting – review and editing with inputs from all other authors: ANS, AK, DTK and MR; Acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation: VK, DTK and ANSRevising it critically for intellectual content and the final approval of the version to be published: AK, ANS and MR. All authors provided critical feedback. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript and to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

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Correspondence to
A. N. Shriram.

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Baig, M.M., Koppula, D.T., Panigrahi, D.K. et al. Seasonal dynamics and species diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes in malaria endemic districts of Southern Odisha India.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-28997-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-28997-1

Keywords

  • Malaria
  • Odisha
  • Shannon’s
  • Simpson’s
  • And pielou’s

  • Anopheles diversity


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