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Genetic connectivity and admixture zones shape the spread of African swine fever in wild Boar populations in North-western Italy

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Abstract

Host population genetics can shape disease spread in wildlife, yet it is rarely integrated into epizootic investigations. To explore whether connectivity patterns in wild boar populations may have influenced the spread of African swine fever (ASF) in north-western Italy, we characterised the genetic structure of the local population. Microsatellite genotyping was performed on 578 wild boar sampled from 26 hunting districts across thirteen loci and analysed using Bayesian clustering, correspondence analysis and spatial PCA. In parallel, 2,414 ASF detections recorded between December 2021 and March 2025 were examined through retrospective spatiotemporal scan statistics and directional spread analysis. We identified two main genetic clusters, one largely corresponding to Piedmont and the other more prevalent in Liguria regions, with zones of admixture along their border and a connectivity corridor through the Ligurian Apennines. Over the 38-month period, 16 significant ASF clusters were detected. The outbreak spread eastward and north-eastward from the initial focus at the Liguria-Piedmont border. Four clusters showed significant directionality, and recurrent clustering in certain areas suggested local persistence. Notably, several ASF clusters overlapped with genetic admixture zones and connectivity hubs. Our findings suggest two mechanisms underpinning disease spread: short-range transmission within genetically related groups and longer-range movement along ecological corridors. Embedding genetic monitoring into routine surveillance may enhance the effectiveness of ASF control by guiding carcass removal, search efforts and spatial prioritisation toward high-risk transition zones.

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Data availability

All R scripts and codes used for the analyses in this study, along with the raw genetic dataset, are provided as Supplementary Materials and are openly available for reproducibility and further research use.The disease surveillance data used for the ASF analyses are not publicly available, as they are owned and managed by the competent veterinary authorities. Access to these data can be requested from the corresponding author and may be granted upon reasonable justification and with permission from the data holders.All other materials supporting the findings of this study are included in the Supplementary Information files.

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Funding

This work was supported by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) under the grant “ASF control: from theory to practice” (WOAH 2024; CUP D53C24001660005).

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  1. Arianna Meletiadis and Aitor Garcia-Vozmediano contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Turin, Italy

    Arianna Meletiadis, Aitor Garcia-Vozmediano, Maria Vittoria Riina, Nicoletta Vitale, Matteo Riccardo Di Nicola, Cristiana Maurella, Barbara Moroni, Simona Zoppi, Maria Goria, Elisabetta Razzuoli, Riccardo Orusa, Angelo Ferrari, Alessandro Dondo, Elena Bozzetta, Giuseppe Ru & Pier Luigi Acutis

  2. Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey

    Manuele Massimino

  3. Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Piazza di Porta S.Donato 1, Bologna, Italy

    Romolo Caniglia

  4. Area per la genetica della Conservazione, ISPRA, Via Cà Fornacetta 9, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064, Italy

    Romolo Caniglia

  5. S.C. Sanità Animale, Azienda USL della Valle d’Aosta, Aosta, Italy

    Annalisa Viani

  6. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche-Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia, 06124, Italy

    Massimo Biagetti, Maria Serena Beato & Francesco Feliziani

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  1. Arianna Meletiadis
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Contributions

Arianna Meletiadis, Alessandro Dondo, Riccardo Orusa, Angelo Ferrari, Elena Bozzetta and Pier Luigi Acutis conceived the idea. Arianna Meletiadis, Aitor Garcia-Vozmediano, Nicoletta Vitale, Cristiana Maurella, Manuele Massimino and Giuseppe Ru carried out the theoretical analysis. Arianna Meletiadis, Maria Vittoria Riina, Barbara Moroni, Simona Zoppi, Maria Goria and Elisabetta Razzuoli performed the laboratory analyses. Arianna Meletiadis, Aitor Garcia-Vozmediano, Nicoletta Vitale and Matteo Riccardo Di Nicola wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the revision and editing of the manuscript.

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Aitor Garcia-Vozmediano or Matteo Riccardo Di Nicola.

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This study did not involve experiments on live vertebrates and therefore did not require approval by an institutional animal care and use committee. All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional and national guidelines and regulations. The ARRIVE guidelines are not applicable to this work.

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Meletiadis, A., Garcia-Vozmediano, A., Riina, M.V. et al. Genetic connectivity and admixture zones shape the spread of African swine fever in wild Boar populations in North-western Italy.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32491-z

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