Bezemer, T. M. & van Dam, N. M. Linking aboveground and belowground interactions via induced plant defenses. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20, 617–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.08.006 (2005).
Google Scholar
Kaplan, I. et al. Physiological integration of roots and shoots in plant defense strategies links above-and belowground herbivory. Ecol. Lett. 11, 841–851. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01200.x (2008).
Google Scholar
Huang, W., Siemann, E., Carrillo, J. & Ding, J. Below-ground herbivory limits induction of extrafloral nectar by above-ground herbivores. Ann. Bot. 115, 841–846. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv011 (2015).
Google Scholar
Omer, A. D., Thaler, J. S., Granett, J. & Karban, R. Jasmonic acid induced resistance in grapevines to a root and leaf feeder. J. Econ. Entomol. 93, 840–845. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.840 (2000).
Google Scholar
Yamawo, A., Ohsaki, H. & Cahill, J. F. Jr. Damage to leaf veins suppresses root foraging precision. Am. J. Bot. 106, 1126–1130. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1338 (2019).
Google Scholar
Heil, M. & Karban, R. Explaining evolution of plant communication by airborne signals. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.09.010 (2010).
Google Scholar
Karban, R., Yang, L. J. & Edwards, K. F. Volatile communication between plants that affects herbivory: A meta-analysis. Ecol. Lett. 17, 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12205 (2014).
Google Scholar
Yoneya, K. & Takabayashi, J. Plant-plant communication mediated by airborne signals: Ecological and plant physiological perspectives. Plant Biotechnol. 31, 409–416. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.14.0827a (2014).
Google Scholar
Morrell, K. & Kessler, A. Plant communication in a widespread goldenrod: Keeping herbivores on the move. Funct. Ecol. 31, 1049–1061. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12793 (2017).
Google Scholar
Arimura, G. et al. Herbivory-induced volatiles elicit defence genes in lima bean leaves. Nature 406, 512–515 (2000).
Google Scholar
Shiojiri, K. et al. Weeding volatiles reduce leaf and seed damage to field-grown soybeans and increase seed isoflavones. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41508 (2017).
Google Scholar
Karban, R., Shiojiri, K., Huntzinger, M. & McCall, A. C. Damage-induced resistance in sagebrush: Volatiles are key to intra- and interplant communication. Ecology 87, 922–930. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[922:drisva]2.0.co;2 (2006).
Google Scholar
Kikuta, Y. et al. Specific regulation of pyrethrin biosynthesis in Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium by a blend of volatiles emitted from artificially damaged conspecific plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 52, 588–596. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcr017 (2011).
Google Scholar
Karban, R., Baldwin, I. T., Baxter, K. J., Laue, G. & Felton, G. W. Communication between plants: Induced resistance in wild tobacco plants following clipping of neighboring sagebrush. Oecologia 125, 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008892 (2000).
Google Scholar
Karban, R., Huntzinger, M. & McCall, A. C. The specificity of eavesdropping on sagebrush by other plants. Ecology 85, 1845–1852. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0593 (2004).
Google Scholar
Shiojiri, K. et al. Exposure to artificially damaged goldenrod volatiles increases saponins in seeds of field-grown soybean plants. Phytochem. Lett. 36, 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2020.01.014 (2020).
Google Scholar
Glinwood, R., Ninkovic, V. & Pettersson, J. Chemical interaction between undamaged plants—Effects on herbivores and natural enemies. Phytochemistry 72, 1683–1689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.010 (2011).
Google Scholar
Lokesh, R. A. V. I., Manasvi, V. & Lakshmi, B. P. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of saponin from Abutilon indicum leaves. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 9, 344–347. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s3.15064 (2016).
Google Scholar
Raji, P., Samrot, A. V., Keerthana, D. & Karishma, S. Antibacterial activity of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins mediated green synthesised silver nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. J. Cluster Sci. 30, 881–895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01547-2 (2019).
Google Scholar
Toth, R., Toth, D. & Starke, D. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in Zea mays affected by breeding for resistance to fungal pathogens. Can. J. Bot. 68, 1039–1044. https://doi.org/10.1139/b90-131 (1990).
Google Scholar
Matyssek, R. et al. The plant’s capacity in regulating resource demand. Plant Biol. 7, 560–580. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-872981 (2005).
Google Scholar
Brundrett, M. C. Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants. New Phytol. 154, 275–304. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x (2002).
Google Scholar
Kiers, E. T., Rousseau, R. A., West, S. A. & Denison, R. F. Host sanctions and the legume-rhizobium mutualism. Nature 425, 78–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01931 (2003).
Google Scholar
Walters, D. R. Plant Defense: Warding Off Attack by Pathogens, Herbivores, and Parasitic Plants (Blackwell Publishing, 2011).
Szakiel, A., Pączkowski, C. & Henry, M. Influence of environmental biotic factors on the content of saponins in plants. Phytochem. Rev. 10, 493–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-010-9164-2 (2011).
Google Scholar
Singh, B. & Kaur, A. Control of insect pests in crop plants and stored food grains using plant saponins: A review. LWT 87, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.08.077 (2018).
Google Scholar
Barton, K. E. & Koricheva, J. The ontogeny of plant defense and herbivory: Characterizing general patterns using meta-analysis. Am. Nat. 175, 481–493. https://doi.org/10.1086/650722 (2010).
Google Scholar
Feeny PP. Seasonal changes in oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding by winter moth caterpillars. Ecology 51, 565–581 https://doi.org/10.2307/1934037 (1970).
Google Scholar
Dudt, J. F. & Shure, D. J. The influence of light and nutrients on foliar phenolics and insect herbivory. Ecology 75, 86–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939385 (1994).
Google Scholar
Julkunen-Tiitto, R. Phenolic constituents in the leaves of northern willows: Methods for the analysis of certain phenolics. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 33, 213–217. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00062a013 (1985).
Google Scholar
Folin, O. & Denis, W. A colorimetric method for the determination of phenols (and phenol derivatives) in urine. J. Biol. Chem. 22, 305–308 (1915).
Google Scholar
Huang, D., Ou, B. & Prior, R. L. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 1841–1856. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030723c (2005).
Google Scholar
Mukai, T., Horie, H. & Goto, T. A simple method for determining saponin in tea seed. Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku 75, 29–31 (1992) (Japanese with English abstract).
Google Scholar
Dubois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A. & Smith, F. A colorimetric method for the determination of sugars. Nature 168, 167–167 (1951).
Google Scholar
Dubois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. T. & Smith, F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. 28, 350–356. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017 (1956).
Google Scholar
Harad, Y. Cation and anion exchange capacity of soil background and methods. 302 Jpn. J. Soil Scie. Plant Nutr. 55, 273–283. 303 (1984) (in Japanese).
R Development Core Team. R A language and environment for statistical computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020).
De Geyter, E., Lambert, E., Geelen, D. & Smagghe, G. Novel advances with plant saponins as natural insecticides to control pest insects. Pest Technol. 1, 96–105 (2007).
Pankhurst, C. E. & Sprent, J. I. Effects of water stress on the respiratory and nitrogen-fixing activity of soybean root nodules. J. Exp. Bot. 26, 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/26.2.287 (1975).
Google Scholar
Sparg, S., Light, M. E. & Van Staden, J. Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins. J. Ethnopharmacol. 94, 219–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.05.016 (2004).
Google Scholar
Saha, S., Walia, S., Kumar, J., Dhingra, S. & Parmar, B. S. Screening for feeding deterrent and insect growth regulatory activity of triterpenic saponins from Diploknema butyracea and Sapindus mukorossi. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902439m (2010).
Google Scholar
Hoagland, R. E., Zablotowicz, R. M. & Oleszek, W. A. Effects of alfalfa saponins on in vitro physiological activity of soil and rhizosphere bacteria. J. Crop. Prod. 4, 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1300/J144v04n02_16 (2001).
Google Scholar
Killeen, G. F. et al. Antimicrobial saponins of Yucca schidigera and the implications of their in vitro properties for their in vivo impact. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 3178–3186. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf970928j (1998).
Google Scholar
Sugiyama, A. The soybean rhizosphere: Metabolites, microbes, and beyond—A review. J. Adv. Res. 19, 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2019.03.005 (2019).
Google Scholar
Lucas-Barbosa, D. Integration studies on plant-pollinator and plant–herbivore interactions. Trends Plant Sci. 21, 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.013 (2016).
Google Scholar
De Deyn, G. B., Raaijmakers, C. E. & Van der Putten, W. H. Plant community development is affected by nutrients and soil biota. J. Ecol. 92(5), 824–834. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00924.x (2004).
Google Scholar
Knelman, J. E. et al. Nutrient addition dramatically accelerates microbial community succession. PLoS ONE 9(7), e102609. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102609 (2014).
Google Scholar
Yoneya, K. & Takeshi, M. Co-evolution of foraging behaviour in herbivores and their natural enemies predicts multifunctionality of herbivore-induced plant volatiles. Funct. Ecol. 29, 451–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12398 (2015).
Google Scholar
Karban, R. Plant communication increases heterogeneity in plant phenotypes and herbivore movement. Funct. Ecol. 31, 990–991. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12806 (2017).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
