Schimper, A. F. W., Fisher, W. R., Groom, P. & Balfour, I. B. Plant-Geography Upon a Physiological Basis. Rev. and ed. edn (Clarendon Press, 1903).
Grime, J. & Pierce, S. The Evolutionary Strategies that Shape Ecosystems (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012).
Google Scholar
McGill, B., Enquist, B., Weiher, E. & Westoby, M. Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21, 178–185 (2006).
Google Scholar
Chapin Iii, F. S., Bret-Harte, M., Hobbie, S. & Zhong, H. Plant functional types as predictors of transient responses of arctic vegetation to global change. J. Veg. Sci. 7, 347 (1996).
Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. Plant Strategies, Vegetation Processes, and Ecosystem Properties (Wiley, 2001).
Lavorel, S. & Garnier, E. Aardvarck to Zyzyxia-functional groups across kingdoms. New Phytol. 149, 360–363 (2001).
Google Scholar
Guo, W. et al. The role of adaptive strategies in plant naturalization. Ecol. Lett. 21, 1380–1389 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pierce, S., Luzzaro, A., Caccianiga, M., Ceriani, R. & Cerabolini, B. Disturbance is the principal α-scale filter determining niche differentiation, coexistence and biodiversity in an alpine community. J. Ecol. 95, 698–706 (2007).
Google Scholar
Pinho, B., Tabarelli, M., Engelbrecht, B., Sfair, J. & Melo, F. Plant functional assembly is mediated by rainfall and soil conditions in a seasonally dry tropical forest. Basic Appl. Ecol. (2019).
Wang, J. et al. Plant community ecological strategy assembly response to yak grazing in an alpine meadow on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Land Degrad. Dev. 29, 2920–2931 (2018).
Google Scholar
Barba-Escoto, L., Ponce-Mendoza, A., García-Romero, A. & Calvillo-Medina, R. P. Plant community strategies responses to recent eruptions of Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico. J. Veg. Sci. 30, 375–385 (2019).
Google Scholar
Diaz, S., Cabido, M. & Casanoves, F. Plant functional traits and environmental filters at a regional scale. J. Veg. Sci. 9, 113–122 (1998).
Google Scholar
Kelly, R. et al. Climatic and evolutionary contexts are required to infer plant life history strategies from functional traits at a global scale. Ecol. Lett. 24, 970 (2021).
Google Scholar
Odum, E. P. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science 164, 262–270 (1969).
Google Scholar
Reich, P. The world-wide “fast-slow” plant economics spectrum: A traits manifesto. J. Ecol. 102, 275 (2014).
Google Scholar
Rosado, B. H. P. & De Mattos, E. A. On the relative importance of CSR ecological strategies and integrative traits to explain species dominance at local scales. Funct. Ecol. 31, 1969 (2017).
Google Scholar
Raunkiær, C. The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography (Oxford University Press, 1934).
MacArthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. The Theory of Island Biogeography (Princeton University Press, 1967).
Grime, J. P. Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. Nature 250, 26–31 (1974).
Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. Am. Nat. 111, 1169–1194 (1977).
Google Scholar
Liao, H. et al. The role of functional strategies in global plant distribution. Ecography n/a (2020).
Pierce, S. et al. A global method for calculating plant CSR ecological strategies applied across biomes world-wide. Funct. Ecol. 31, 444–457 (2017).
Google Scholar
Junker, R., Lechleitner, M., Kuppler, J. & Ohler, L.-M. Interconnectedness of the Grinnellian and Eltonian niche in regional and local plant-pollinator communities. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 1371 (2019).
Google Scholar
Yu, R., Huang, J., Xu, Y., Ding, Y. & Zang, R. Plant functional niches in forests across four climatic zones: Exploring the periodic table of niches based on plant functional traits. Front. Plant Sci. 11, 841 (2020).
Google Scholar
Westoby, M. A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant Soil 199, 213–227 (1998).
Google Scholar
Westoby, M., Falster, D., Moles, A., Vesk, P. & Wright, I. Plant ecological strategies: Some leading dimensions of variation between species. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33, 125–159 (2002).
Google Scholar
Diaz, S. et al. The global spectrum of plant form and function. Nature 529, 167–171 (2016).
Google Scholar
Pierce, S. & Cerabolini, B. Plant economics and size trait spectra are both explained by one theory. (2018).
Grime, J. P. Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes (Wiley, 1979).
Grime, J. P. A comment on Loehle’s critique of the triangular model of primary plant strategies. Ecology 69, 1618–1620 (1988).
Google Scholar
Grime, J. et al. Integrated screening validates primary axes of specialisation in plants. Oikos 79, 259–281 (1997).
Google Scholar
Hodgson, J. G., Wilson, P. J., Hunt, R., Grime, J. P. & Thompson, K. Allocating C-S-R plant functional types: A soft approach to a hard problem. Oikos 85, 282–294 (1999).
Google Scholar
Pierce, S. & Cerabolini, B. E. L. Allocating CSR plant functional types: The use of leaf economics and size traits to classify woody and herbaceous vascular plants. Funct. Ecol. 27, 1002–1010 (2013).
Google Scholar
Cerabolini, B. E. L. et al. Can CSR classification be generally applied outside Britain?. Plant Ecol. 210, 253–261 (2010).
Google Scholar
Shipley, B. & Li, Y. An experimental test of CSR theory using a globally calibrated ordination method. PLoS ONE 12, e0175404 (2017).
Google Scholar
Rosenfield, M. F., Müller, S. C. & Overbeck, G. E. Short gradient, but distinct plant strategies: The CSR scheme applied to subtropical forests. J. Veg. Sci. 30, 984–993 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pyšek, P., Sádlo, J., Mandák, B. & Jarosík, V. Czech alien flora and the historical pattern of its formation: What came first to Central Europe?. Oecologia 135, 122–130 (2003).
Google Scholar
Lambdon, P., Lloret, F. & Hulme, P. Do alien plants on Mediterranean islands tend to invade different niches from native species?. Biol. Invasions 10, 703–716 (2008).
Google Scholar
Dainese, M. & Bragazza, L. Plant traits across different habitats of the Italian Alps: A comparative analysis between native and alien species. Alpine Bot. 122, 11–21 (2012).
Google Scholar
Alexander, J. et al. Plant invasions into mountains and alpine ecosystems: Current status and future challenges. Alpine Bot. 126, 89 (2016).
Google Scholar
Condit, R. Tropical Forest Census Plots: Methods and Results from Barro Colorado Island, Panama and a Comparison with Other Plots (Springer, 1998).
Google Scholar
Pérez-Harguindeguy, N. et al. New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Aust. J. Bot. 61, 167–234 (2013).
Google Scholar
Cerabolini, B. et al. Why are many anthropogenic agroecosystems particularly species-rich?. Plant Biosyst. 150, 550–557 (2014).
Google Scholar
Team, R. C. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020).
Ferry, N. E. H. A. M. {ggtern}: Ternary diagrams using {ggplot2}. J. Stat Softw. 87, 1–17 (2018).
Pinheiro, J. B. D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D., & R Core Team. nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models (2021).
Kassambara, A. ggpubr: ‘ggplot2’ Based Publication Ready Plots (2020).
Diaz, S. et al. The plant traits that drive ecosystems: Evidence from three continents. J. Veg. Sci. 15, 295–304 (2004).
Google Scholar
Wright, I. J. et al. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428, 821 (2004).
Google Scholar
Parkhurst, D. F. & Loucks, O. L. Optimal leaf size in relation to environment. J. Ecol. 60, 505–537 (1972).
Google Scholar
Fonseca, C., Overton, J., Collins, B. & Westoby, M. Shifts in trait-combinations along rainfall and phosphorus gradients. J. Ecol. 88, 964–977 (2001).
Google Scholar
Hodgson, J. et al. Is leaf dry matter content a better predictor of soil fertility than specific leaf area?. Ann. Bot. 108, 1337–1345 (2011).
Google Scholar
Han, X.-W., Fang, J. Y., Reich, P., Woodward, I. & Wang, Z. Biogeography and variability of eleven mineral elements in plant leaves across gradients of climate, soil and plant functional type in China. Ecol. Lett. 14, 788–796 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ordoñez, J. et al. A global study of relationships between leaf traits, climate and soil measures of nutrient fertility. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 18, 137–149 (2009).
Google Scholar
Bernard-Verdier, M. et al. Community assembly along a soil depth gradient: Contrasting patterns of plant trait convergence and divergence in a Mediterranean rangeland. J. Ecol. 100, 1422–1433 (2012).
Google Scholar
Freschet, G. et al. Global to community scale differences in the prevalence of convergent over divergent leaf trait distributions in plant assemblagesg eb_651 755..765. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 20, 755–765 (2011).
Google Scholar
Niinemets, Ü. Global-scale climatic controls of leaf dry mass per area, density, and thickness in trees and shrubs. Ecology 82, 453–469 (2001).
Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: Immediate, filter and founder effects. J. Ecol. 86, 902–910 (1998).
Google Scholar
Ackerly, D. & Cornwell, W. A trait-based approach to community assembly: Partitioning of species trait values into within- and among-community components. Ecol. Lett. 10, 135–145 (2007).
Google Scholar
Rijkers, T., Pons, T. L. & Bongers, F. The effect of tree height and light availability on photosynthetic leaf traits of four neotropical species differing in shade tolerance. Funct. Ecol. 14, 77–86 (2000).
Google Scholar
de Bello, F. et al. Partitioning of functional diversity reveals the scale and extent of trait convergence and divergence. J. Veg. Sci. 20, 475–486 (2009).
Google Scholar
Ding, Y., Zang, R., Lu, X. & Huang, J. The impacts of selective logging and clear-cutting on woody plant diversity after 40years of natural recovery in a tropical montane rain forest, south China. Sci. Total Environ. 579, 1683–1691 (2017).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
