Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN, accessed 2021); www.protectedplanet.net
Venter, O. et al. Bias in protected-area location and its effects on long-term aspirations of biodiversity conventions. Conserv. Biol. 32, 127–134 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ward, M. et al. Just ten percent of the global terrestrial protected area network is structurally connected via intact land. Nat. Commun. 11, 4563 (2020).
Google Scholar
Adams, W. M. Against Extinction: The Story of Conservation (Earthscan, 2004).
Watson, J. E. M. Dudley, Segan, N. & Hockings, D. B. The performance and potential of protected areas. Nature 515, 67–73 (2014).
Google Scholar
Butchart, S. H. M. et al. Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets. Conserv. Lett. 8, 329–337 (2015).
Google Scholar
Stolton, S. et al. The Futures of Privately Protected Areas (IUCN, 2014).
Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN, accessed November 2018); www.protectedplanet.net
Bingham, H. et al. Privately protected areas: advances and challenges in guidance, policy and documentation. Parks 23, 13–28 (2017).
Google Scholar
Gallo, J., Pasquini, L., Reyers, B. & Cowling, R. M. The role of private conservation areas in biodiversity representation and target achievement within the Little Karoo region, South Africa. Biol. Conserv. 142, 446–454 (2009).
Google Scholar
Schutz, J. Creating an integrated protected area network in Chile: a GIS assessment of ecoregion representation and the role of private protected areas. Environ. Conserv. 45, 269–277 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ielyzaveta, I. M. & Cook, C. N. The role of privately protected areas in achieving biodiversity representation within a national protected area network. Conserv. Sci. Pract. 2, e307 (2020).
Graves, R. A., Williamson, M. A., Belote, R. T. & Brandt, J. S. Quantifying the contribution of conservation easements to large‐landscape conservation. Biol. Conserv. 232, 83–96 (2019).
Google Scholar
De Vos, A. & Cumming, G. S. The contribution of land tenure diversity to the spatial resilience of protected area networks. People Nat. 1, 331–346 (2019).
Google Scholar
Olson, D. M. et al. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth: a new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity. BioScience 51, 933–938 (2001).
Google Scholar
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A. B. & Kent, J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853–858 (2000).
Google Scholar
Borrini-Feyerabend, G. et al. Governance of Protected Areas: From Understanding to Action (IUCN, 2013).
Lee, A. & Schultz, K. A. Comparing British and French colonial legacies: a discontinuity analysis of Cameroon. Q. J. Polit. Sci. 7, 365–410 (2012).
Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. & Robinson, J. A. The colonial origins of comparative development: an empirical investigation. Am. Econ. Rev. 91, 1369–1401 (2001).
Google Scholar
De Vos, A., Clements, H. S., Biggs, D. & Cumming, G. S. The dynamics of proclaimed privately protected areas in South Africa over 83 years. Conserv. Lett. 12, e12644 (2019).
Conservation Programs (USDA, accessed 21 October 2021); https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/conservation-programs/
Zimmer, H. C., Mavromihalis, J., Turner, V. B., Moxham, C. & Liu, C. Native grasslands in the PlainsTender incentive scheme: conservation value, management and monitoring. Rangel. J. 32, 205–214 (2010).
Google Scholar
A Global Standard for the Identification of Key Biodiversity Area (IUCN, 2021); https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/Rep-2016-005.pdf
Venter, O. et al. Last of the Wild Project, Version 3 (LWP-3): 2009 Human Footprint, 2018 Release (SEDAC, 2021); https://doi.org/10.7927/H46T0JQ4
Hoekstra, J. M., Boucher, T. M., Ricketts, T. H. & Roberts, C. Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection. Ecol. Lett. 8, 23–29 (2005).
Google Scholar
Newbold, T. et al. Has land use pushed terrestrial biodiversity beyond the planetary boundary? A global assessment. Science 353, 288–291 (2016).
Google Scholar
Bengtsson, J. et al. Grasslands—more important for ecosystem services than you might think. Ecosphere 10, e02582 (2019).
Google Scholar
Working Together for Grasslands. How Ranchers and the WWF Help Protect the Northern Great Plains (WWF, 2021); https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/working-together-for-grasslands
Henderson, K. A. et al. Landowner perceptions of the value of natural forest and natural grassland in a mosaic ecosystem in southern Brazil. Sustain. Sci. 11, 321–330 (2016).
Google Scholar
Kamal, S., Grodzinska-Jurczak, M. & Brown, G. Conservation on private land: a review of global strategies with a proposed classification system. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 58, 576–597 (2015).
Google Scholar
Williamson, M. A., Schwartz, M. W. & Lubell, M. N. Spatially explicit analytical models for social–ecological systems. BioScience 68, 885–895 (2018).
Watson, J. E. M. et al. Persistent disparities between recent rates of habitat conversion and protection and implications for future global conservation targets. Conserv. Lett. 9, 413–421 (2016).
Google Scholar
Di Marco, M. et al. Quantifying the relative irreplaceability of important bird and biodiversity areas. Conserv. Biol. 30, 392–402 (2015).
Google Scholar
Jones, K. R. et al. One-third of global protected land is under intense human pressure. Science 360, 788–791 (2018).
Google Scholar
Sanderson, E. W. et al. The human footprint and the last of the wild: the human footprint is a global map of human influence on the land surface, which suggests that human beings are stewards of nature, whether we like it or not. BioScience 52, 891–904 (2002).
Google Scholar
Clements, H. S., Kerley, G. I. H., Cumming, G. S., De Vos, A. & Cook, C. N. Privately protected areas provide key opportunities for the regional persistence of large‐ and medium‐sized mammals. J. Appl. Ecol. 56, 537–546 (2018).
Google Scholar
Song, P., Kim, G., Mayer, A., He, R. & Tian, G. Assessing the ecosystem services of various types of urban green spaces based on i-Tree Eco. Sustainability 12, 1630 (2020).
Google Scholar
Trzyna, T. Urban Protected Areas: Profiles and Best Practice Guidelines (IUCN, 2014).
Li, E. et al. (2019) An urban biodiversity assessment framework that combines an urban habitat classification scheme and citizen science data. Front. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00277 (2019).
Venter, O. et al. Global terrestrial Human Footprint maps for 1993 and 2009. Sci. Data 3, 160067 (2016).
Google Scholar
Rissman, A. R. & Merenlender, A. M. The conservation contributions of conservation easements: analysis of the San Francisco Bay Area protected lands spatial database. Ecol. Soc. 13, 25 (2008).
Google Scholar
Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020, Including Aichi Biodiversity Targets (CBD, 2011); https://www.cbd.int/sp/
Saura, S., Bastin, L., Battistella, L., Mandrici, A. & Dubois, G. Protected areas in the world’s ecoregions: how well connected are they? Ecol. Indic. 76, 144–158 (2017).
Google Scholar
World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas (BirdLife International, accessed September 2020); http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/requestgis
Saura, S. & Torné, J. Conefor Sensinode 2.2: a software package for quantifying the importance of habitat patches for landscape connectivity. Environ. Model. Softw. 24, 135–139 (2009).
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2014). http://www.R-Project.org/
Milam, A. et al. in Protected Areas: Are They Safeguarding Biodiversity? (eds Joppa, L. et al.) 81–101 (Wiley-Blackwell, 2016).
Mason, C. et al. Telemetry reveals existing marine protected areas are worse than random for protecting the foraging habitat of threatened shy albatross. Divers. Distrib. 24, 1744–1755 (2018).
Google Scholar
Lewis, E. et al. Dynamics in the global protected-area estate since 2004. Conserv. Biol. 33, 570–579 (2017).
Google Scholar
Venter, O. et al. Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation. Nat. Commun. 7, 12558 (2016).
Google Scholar
Schleicher, J., Peres, C. A., Amano, T., Llactayo, W. & Leader-Williams, N. Conservation performance of different conservation governance regimes in the Peruvian Amazon. Nature 7, 113–118 (2017).
Shumba, T. et al. Effectiveness of private land conservation areas in maintaining natural land cover and biodiversity intactness. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 22, e00935 (2020).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
