Willcox, G., Fornite, S. & Herveux, L. Early Holocene cultivation before domestication in northern Syria. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 17, 313–325 (2008).
Google Scholar
Fuller, D. Q., Willcox, G. & Allaby, R. G. Cultivation and domestication had multiple origins: arguments against the core area hypothesis for the origins of agriculture in the Near East. World Archaeol. 43, 628–652 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ibáñez, J. J., Anderson, P. C., González-Urquijo, J. & Gibaja, J. Cereal cultivation and domestication as shown by microtexture analysis of sickle gloss through confocal microscopy. J. Archaeol. Sci. 73, 62–81 (2016).
Google Scholar
Weiss, E., Kislev, M. E. & Hartmann, A. Autonomous cultivation before domestication. Science 312, 1608–1610 (2006).
Google Scholar
Willcox, G. Measuring grain size and identifying Near Eastern cereal domestication: evidence from the Euphrates Valley. J. Archaeol. Sci. 31, 145–150 (2004).
Google Scholar
White, C. E. & Makarewicz, C. A. Harvesting practices and early Neolithic barley cultivation at el-Hemmeh, Jordan. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 21, 85–94 (2012).
Google Scholar
Colledge, S., Conolly, J., Finlayson, B. & Kuijt, I. New insights on plant domestication, production intensification, and food storage: the archaeobotanical evidence from PPNA Dhra‘. Levant 50, 14–31 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kuijt, I. & Finlayson, B. Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 10966–10970 (2009).
Google Scholar
Willcox, G. & Stordeur, D. Large-scale cereal processing before domestication during the tenth millennium cal bc in northern Syria. Antiquity 86, 99–114 (2012).
Google Scholar
Colledge, S. in The Origins of Agriculture and Crop Domestication (eds Damania, A. B. et al.) 121–131 (ICARDA, 1998).
Hillman, G. C., Hedges, R., Moore, A. M. T., Colledge, S. & Pettitt, P. New evidence of Lateglacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates. Holocene 11, 383–393 (2001).
Google Scholar
Willcox, G. Searching for the origins of arable weeds in the Near East. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 21, 163–167 (2012).
Google Scholar
Snir, A. et al. The origin of cultivation and proto-weeds, long before neolithic farming. PLoS ONE 10, e0131422 (2015).
Google Scholar
Harris, D. R. & Fuller, D. Q. in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology (ed. Smith, C.) 104–113 (Springer, 2014).
Grime, J. P., Hodgson, J. G. & Hunt, R. Comparative Plant Ecology: A Functional Approach to Common British Species (Springer, 2014).
Harlan, J. R., de Wet, J. M. J. & Price, E. G. Comparative evolution of cereals. Evolution 27, 311–325 (1973).
Google Scholar
Fuller, D. Q. Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World. Ann. Bot. 100, 903–924 (2007).
Google Scholar
Asouti, E. in Neolithic Corporate Identities. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence and Environment 20 (eds Benz, M. et al.) 21–53 (Ex oriente, 2017).
Harris, D. R. in Foraging and Farming: the Evolution of Plant Exploitation (eds Harris, D. R. & Hillman, G.) 11–26 (Unwin Hyman, 1989).
Smith, B. D. Low-level food production. J. Archaeol. Res. 9, 1–43 (2001).
Google Scholar
Rindos, D. The Origins of Agriculture: an Evolutionary Perspective (Academic, 1984).
Weide, A. Towards a socio-economic model for southwest Asian cereal domestication. Agronomy 11, 2432 (2021).
Google Scholar
Hillman, G. C. & Davies, M. S. Measured domestication rates in wild wheats and barley under primitive cultivation, and their archaeological implications. J. World Prehist. 4, 157–222 (1990).
Google Scholar
Kislev, M. E., Hartmann, A. & Weiss, E. Impetus for sowing and the beginning of agriculture: ground collecting of wild cereals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 2692–2695 (2004).
Google Scholar
Weide, A. et al. The association of arable weeds with modern wild cereal habitats: implications for reconstructing the origins of plant cultivation in the Levant. Environ. Archaeol. https://doi.org/10.1080/14614103.2021.1882715 (2021).
Zohary, M. The segetal plant communities of Palestine. Vegetatio 2, 387–411 (1950).
Google Scholar
Abbo, S., Lev-Yadun, S. & Gopher, A. Plant domestication and crop evolution in the Near East: on events and processes. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 31, 241–257 (2012).
Google Scholar
Wood, D. & Lenné, J. M. A natural adaptive syndrome as a model for the origins of cereal agriculture. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 285, 20180277 (2018).
Bogaard, A., Palmer, C., Jones, G., Charles, M. & Hodgson, J. G. A FIBS approach to the use of weed ecology for the archaeobotanical recognition of crop rotation regimes. J. Archaeol. Sci. 26, 1211–1224 (1999).
Google Scholar
Jones, G., Bogaard, A., Charles, M. & Hodgson, J. G. Distinguishing the effects of agricultural practices relating to fertility and disturbance: a functional ecological approach in archaeobotany. J. Archaeol. Sci. 27, 1073–1084 (2000).
Google Scholar
Díaz, S. et al. The global spectrum of plant form and function. Nature 529, 167–171 (2016).
Google Scholar
Garnier, E., Navas, M.-L. & Grigulis, K. Plant Functional Diversity: Organism Traits, Community Structure, and Ecosystem Properties (Oxford Univ. Press, 2016).
Bogaard, A. Neolithic Farming in Central Europe (Routledge, 2004).
Bogaard, A. et al. From traditional farming in Morocco to early urban agroecology in northern Mesopotamia: combining present-day arable weed surveys and crop isotope analysis to reconstruct past agrosystems in (semi-)arid regions. Environ. Archaeol. 23, 303–322 (2018).
Google Scholar
Hamerow, H. et al. An integrated bioarchaeological approach to the medieval ‘agricultural revolution’: a case study from Stafford, England, c. ad 800–1200. Eur. J. Archaeol. 23, 585–609 (2020).
Google Scholar
Green, L., Charles, M. & Bogaard, A. Exploring the agroecology of Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Central Anatolia: an archaeobotanical approach to agricultural intensity based on functional ecological analysis of arable weed flora. Paléorient 44, 29–44 (2018).
Green, L. Assessing the Nature of Early Farming in Neolithic Western Asia: A Functional Ecological Approach to Emerging Arable Weeds. Univ. of Oxford (2017).
Atran, S. Hamula organisation and masha’a tenure in Palestine. Man 21, 271–295 (1986).
Google Scholar
Palmer, C. ‘Following the plough’: the agricultural environment of northern Jordan. Levant 30, 129–165 (1998).
Google Scholar
Håkansson, S. in Biology and Ecology of Weeds (eds Holzner, W. & Numata, M.) 123–135 (Springer Netherlands, 1982).
Charles, M., Bogaard, A., Jones, G., Hodgson, J. & Halstead, P. Towards the archaeobotanical identification of intensive cereal cultivation: present-day ecological investigation in the mountains of Asturias, northwest Spain. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 11, 133–142 (2002).
Google Scholar
Hartmann-Shenkman, A., Kislev, M. E., Galili, E., Melamed, Y. & Weiss, E. Invading a new niche: obligatory weeds at Neolithic Atlit-Yam, Israel. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 24, 9–18 (2015).
Google Scholar
Kuijt, I. in The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences (eds Bocquet-Appel, J.-P. & Bar-Yosef, O.) 287–313 (Springer Netherlands, 2008).
Bogaard, A. et al. Private pantries and celebrated surplus: storing and sharing food at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Central Anatolia. Antiquity 83, 649–668 (2009).
Google Scholar
Jones, G. et al. The origins of agriculture: intentions and consequences. J. Archaeol. Sci. 125, 105290 (2021).
Google Scholar
Weiss, E., Kislev, M. E., Simchoni, O., Nadel, D. & Tschauner, H. Plant-food preparation area on an Upper Paleolithic brush hut floor at Ohalo II, Israel. J. Archaeol. Sci. 35, 2400–2414 (2008).
Google Scholar
Kluyver, T. A., Charles, M., Jones, G., Rees, M. & Osborne, C. P. Did greater burial depth increase the seed size of domesticated legumes? J. Exp. Bot. 64, 4101–4108 (2013).
Google Scholar
Preece, C., Jones, G., Rees, M. & Osborne, C. P. Fertile Crescent crop progenitors gained a competitive advantage from large seedlings. Ecol. Evol. 11, 3300–3312 (2021).
Google Scholar
Halstead, P. Two Oxen Ahead: Pre-mechanized Farming in the Mediterranean (Wiley, 2014).
Anderson, P. C. in The Origins of Agriculture and Crop Domestication (eds Damania, A. B. et al.) 145–159 (ICARDA, 1998).
Mercuri, A. M., Fornaciari, R., Gallinaro, M., Vanin, S. & di Lernia, S. Plant behaviour from human imprints and the cultivation of wild cereals in Holocene Sahara. Nat. Plants 4, 71–81 (2018).
Google Scholar
Spengler, R. N. & Mueller, N. G. Grazing animals drove domestication of grain crops. Nat. Plants 5, 656–662 (2019).
Google Scholar
Smith, B. D. General patterns of niche construction and the management of ‘wild’ plant and animal resources by small-scale pre-industrial societies. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 366, 836–848 (2011).
Google Scholar
Bogaard, A. et al. Reconsidering domestication from a process archaeology perspective. World Archaeol. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2021.1954990 (2021).
Coqueugniot, E. in Espace Naturel, Espace Habité En Syrie Du Nord (10e–2e millénaires av. J.-C.) (eds M. Fortin & O. Aurenche) 109–114 (Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, 1998).
Douché, C. Émergence et développement des sociétés agricoles au Néolithique acéramique (Xe-VIIIe millénaires av. n. ère) étude archéobotanique de Dja’de El-Mughara et Tell Aswad, Syrie. PhD thesis (Archaeological Mission of Dja’de el Mughara, 2018).
Noy, T. Gilgal I: a pre-pottery Neolithic site, Israel. The 1985–1987 seasons. Paléorient 15, 11–18 (1989).
Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Gopher, A. in An Early Neolithic Village in the Jordan Valley (eds Bar-Yosef, O. & Gopher, A.) 41–69 (Harvard Univ., 1997).
Wright, K. I. The social origins of cooking and dining in early villages of western Asia. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 66, 89–121 (2000).
Google Scholar
Finlayson, B. Egalitarian societies and the earliest Neolithic of southwest Asia. Prehist. Archaeol. J. Interdiscip. Stud. 3, 27–43 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bowles, S. & Choi, J.-K. The Neolithic agricultural revolution and the origins of private property. J. Polit. Econ. 127, 2186–2228 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kuijt, I. The Neolithic refrigerator on a Friday night: how many people are coming to dinner and just what should I do with the slimy veggies in the back of the fridge? Environ. Archaeol. 20, 321–336 (2015).
Google Scholar
Danin, A. Flora and vegetation of Israel and adjacent areas. Zoogeogr. Isr. 30, 251–276 (1988).
Noy-Meir, I., Gutman, M. & Kaplan, Y. Responses of Mediterranean grassland plants to grazing and protection. J. Ecol. 77, 290–310 (1989).
Google Scholar
Noy-Meir, I. The effect of grazing on the abundance of wild wheat, barley and oat in Israel. Biol. Conserv. 51, 299–310 (1990).
Google Scholar
Jones, G., Bogaard, A., Halstead, P., Charles, M. & Smith, H. Identifying the intensity of crop husbandry practices on the basis of weed floras. Annu. Br. Sch. Athens 94, 167–189 (1999).
Google Scholar
Sternberg, M., Gutman, M., Perevolotsky, A., Ungar, E. D. & Kigel, J. Vegetation response to grazing management in a Mediterranean herbaceous community: a functional group approach. J. Appl. Ecol. 37, 224–237 (2000).
Google Scholar
Sternberg, M. et al. Testing the limits of resistance: a 19-year study of Mediterranean grassland response to grazing regimes. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 1939–1950 (2015).
Google Scholar
Calev, A. et al. High-intensity thinning treatments in mature Pinus halepensis plantations experiencing prolonged drought. Eur. J. For. Res. 135, 551–563 (2016).
Google Scholar
Osem, Y., Perevolotsky, A. & Kigel, J. Grazing effect on diversity of annual plant communities in a semi-arid rangeland: interactions with small-scale spatial and temporal variation in primary productivity. J. Ecol. 90, 936–946 (2002).
Google Scholar
Temper, L. Creating facts on the ground: agriculture in Israel and Palestine (1882–2000). Hist. Agrar. 48, 75–110 (2009).
Dan, J., Yaalon, D., Koyumdjisky, H. & Raz, Z. The soil association map of Israel (1:1,000,000). Isr. J. Earth Sci. 21, 29–49 (1970).
Sans, F. X. & Masalles, R. M. Phenological patterns in an arable land weed community related to disturbance. Weed Res. 35, 321–332 (1995).
Google Scholar
Zohary, M. & Feinbrun-Dothan, N. Flora Palaestina Vol. 1–4 (Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1966).
Davis, P. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands Vol. 1–10 (Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1965).
Mortimer, A. M. in Weed Control Handbook: Principles (eds Hance, R. J. & Holly, K.) 1–42 (Blackwell, 1990).
Douché, C. & Willcox, G. New archaeobotanical data from the Early Neolithic sites of Dja’de el-Mughara and Tell Aswad (Syria): a comparison between the northern and the southern Levant. Paléorient 44, 45–58 (2018).
Jones, G. The application of present-day cereal processing studies to charred archaeobotanical remains. Circaea 6, 91–96 (1990).
Bogaard, A., Jones, G. & Charles, M. The impact of crop processing on the reconstruction of crop sowing time and cultivation intensity from archaeobotanical weed evidence. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 14, 505–509 (2005).
Google Scholar
Bogaard, A. et al. in Humans and Landscapes of Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 2000–2008 Seasons (ed. Hodder, I.) 93–128 (Cotsen Institute of Archaeology/British Institute at Ankara, 2013).
Filipović, D. Early Farming in Central Anatolia: an Archaeobotanical Study of Crop Husbandry, Animal Diet and Land Use at Neolithic Çatalhöyük (British Archaeological Reports, 2014).
Helmer, D. et al. in New Methods and the First Steps of Mammal Domestication (eds Vigne, J.-D. et al.) 86–95 (Oxbow Books, 2005).
Charles, M. Fodder from dung: the recognition and interpretation of dung-derived plant material from archaeological sites. Environ. Archaeol. 1, 111–122 (1998).
Google Scholar
Kislev, M. E. in An Early Neolithic Village in the Jordan Valley (eds Ofer Bar-Yosef & Avi Gopher) 209–236 (Harvard Univ., 1997).
Kislev, M. E. et al. in Gilgal: Early Neolithic Occupations in the Lower Jordan Valley. The Excavations of Tamar Noy (eds Bar-Yosef, O. et al.) 251–257 (Oxbow Books, 2010).
Snir, A., Nadel, D. & Weiss, E. Plant-food preparation on two consecutive floors at Upper Paleolithic Ohalo II, Israel. J. Archaeol. Sci. 53, 61–71 (2015).
Google Scholar
Jones, G., Charles, M., Bogaard, A. & Hodgson, J. Crops and weeds: the role of weed functional ecology in the identification of crop husbandry methods. J. Archaeol. Sci. 37, 70–77 (2010).
Google Scholar
Šmilauer, P. & Lepš, J. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using CANOCO 5 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014).
Galili, E. et al. Atlit-Yam: a Prehistoric site on the sea floor off the Israeli coast. J. Field Archaeol. 20, 133–157 (1993).
Brenet, M., Sanchez-Priego, J. & Ibáñez-Estévez, J. J. in Préhistoire et Approche Expérimentale (eds Bourguignon, L. et al.) 121–164 (Monique Mergoil, 2001).
Bar-Yosef, O., Gopher, A., Goring-Morris, A. N. & Kozlowski, S. K. in Gilgal: Early Neolithic Occupations in the Lower Jordan Valley. The Excavations of Tamar Noy (eds Bar-Yosef, O. et al.) 11–26 (Oxbow Books, 2010).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
