Alphan, H. Land use change and urbanisation of Adana, Turkey. Land Degrad. Dev. 14, 575–586 (2003).
Google Scholar
Catalàn, B., Sauri, D. & Serra, P. Urban sprawl in the Mediterranean? Patterns of growth and change in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region 1993–2000. Landsc. Urban Plan. 85(3–4), 174–184 (2008).
Chen, K., Long, H., Liao, L., Tu, S. & Li, T. Land use transitions and urban-rural integrated development: Theoretical framework and China’s evidence. Land Use Policy 92, 104465 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bianchini, L. et al. Forest transition and metropolitan transformations in developed countries: Interpreting apparent and latent dynamics with local regression models. Land 11(1), 12 (2021).
Google Scholar
Angel, S., Parent, J., Civco, D. L., Blei, A. & Potere, D. The dimensions of global urban expansion: Estimates and projections for all countries, 2000–2050. Prog. Plan. 75(2), 53–107 (2011).
Google Scholar
Fischer, A. P. Forest landscapes as social-ecological systems and implications for management. Landsc. Urban Plan. 177, 138–147 (2018).
Google Scholar
Darvishi, A., Yousefi, M. & Marull, J. Modelling landscape ecological assessments of land use and cover change scenarios. Application to the Bojnourd Metropolitan Area (NE Iran). Land Use Policy 99, 105098 (2020).
Google Scholar
Cheng, L. L., Tian, C. & Yin, T. T. Identifying driving factors of urban land expansion using Google earth engine and machine-learning approaches in Mentougou District, China. Sci. Rep. 12(1), 1–13 (2022).
Google Scholar
Kasanko, M. et al. Are European Cities becoming dispersed? A comparative analysis of fifteen European urban areas. Landsc. Urban Plan. 77(1–2), 111–130 (2006).
Google Scholar
Terzi, F. & Bolen, F. Urban sprawl measurement of Istanbul. Eur. Plan. Stud. 17(10), 1559–1570 (2009).
Google Scholar
Angel, S., Parent, J. & Civco, D. L. Ten compactness properties of circles: measuring shape in geography. Can. Geogr. 54, 441–461 (2010).
Google Scholar
Salvati, L., Gemmiti, R. & Perini, L. Land degradation in Mediterranean urban areas: An unexplored link with planning?. Area 44(3), 317–325 (2012).
Google Scholar
Attorre, F., Bruno, M., Francesconi, F., Valenti, R. & Bruno, F. Landscape changes of Rome through tree-lined roads. Landsc. Urban Plan. 49, 115–128 (2000).
Google Scholar
Turok, I. & Mykhnenko, V. The trajectories of European cities, 1960–2005. Cities 24(3), 165–182 (2007).
Google Scholar
Ioannidis, C., Psaltis, C. & Potsiou, C. Towards a strategy for control of suburban informal buildings through automatic change detection. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 33, 64–74 (2009).
Google Scholar
Grekousis, G., Manetos, P. & Photis, Y. N. Modeling urban evolution using neural networks, fuzzy logic and GIS: The case of the athens metropolitan area. Cities 30, 193–203 (2013).
Google Scholar
Salvati, L. Towards a polycentric region? The socioeconomic trajectory of Rome, an ‘Eternally Mediterranean’ city. Tijdschr. Econ. Soc. Geogr. 105(3), 268–284 (2014).
Google Scholar
Chorianopoulos, I., Pagonis, T., Koukoulas, S. & Drymoniti, S. Planning, competitiveness and sprawl in the Mediterranean city: The case of Athens. Cities 27, 249–259 (2010).
Google Scholar
Munafò, M., Salvati, L. & Zitti, M. Estimating soil sealing rate at national level—Italy as a case study. Ecol. Ind. 26, 137–140 (2013).
Google Scholar
Morelli, V. G., Rontos, K. & Salvati, L. Between suburbanisation and re-urbanisation: Revisiting the urban life cycle in a Mediterranean compact city. Urban Res. Pract. 7(1), 74–88 (2014).
Google Scholar
Basem Ajjur, S. & Al-Ghamdi, S. G. Exploring urban growth–climate change–flood risk nexus in fast growing cities. Sci. Rep. 12, 12265 (2022).
Google Scholar
Li, H. & Wu, J. Use and misuse of landscape indices. Landsc. Ecol. 19, 389–399 (2004).
Google Scholar
Salvati, L. Agro-forest landscape and the ‘fringe’city: A multivariate assessment of land-use changes in a sprawling region and implications for planning. Sci. Total Environ. 490, 715–723 (2014).
Google Scholar
Sang, X. et al. Intensity and stationarity analysis of land use change based on CART algorithm. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1–12 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ettehadi Osgouei, P., Sertel, E. & Kabadayı, M. E. Integrated usage of historical geospatial data and modern satellite images reveal long-term land use/cover changes in Bursa/Turkey, 1858–2020. Sci. Rep. 12(1), 1–17 (2022).
Google Scholar
He, S., Yu, S., Li, G. & Zhang, J. Exploring the influence of urban form on land-use efficiency from a spatiotemporal heterogeneity perspective: Evidence from 336 Chinese cities. Land Use Policy 95, 104576 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bockarjova, M., Wouter Botzen, W. J., Bulkeley, H. A. & Toxopeus, H. Estimating the social value of nature-based solutions in European cities. Sci. Rep. 12, 19833 (2022).
Google Scholar
Liu, J. & Niyogi, D. Meta-analysis of urbanisation impact on rainfall modification. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1–14 (2019).
Google Scholar
Holland, J. H. Studying complex adaptive systems. J. Syst. Sci. Complex. 19(1), 1–8 (2006).
Google Scholar
Salvati, L. & Serra, P. Estimating rapidity of change in complex urban systems: A multidimensional, local-scale approach. Geogr. Anal. 48(2), 132–156 (2016).
Google Scholar
Bura, S., Guerin-Pace, F., Mathian, H., Pumain, D. & Sanders, L. Multi-agents systems and the dynamics of a settlement system. Geogr. Anal. 28(2), 161–178 (1996).
Google Scholar
Hasse, J. E. & Lathrop, R. G. Land resource impact indicators of urban sprawl. Appl. Geogr. 23, 159–175 (2003).
Google Scholar
Grafius, D. R., Corstanje, R. & Harris, J. A. Linking ecosystem services, urban form and green space configuration using multivariate landscape metric analysis. Landsc. Ecol. 33(4), 557–573 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pumain, D. Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences (Kluwer-Springer, 2005).
Cabral, P., Augusto, G., Tewolde, M. & Araya, Y. Entropy in urban systems. Entropy 15(12), 5223–5236 (2013).
Google Scholar
Salvati, L. & Carlucci, M. In-between stability and subtle changes: Urban growth, population structure, and the city life cycle in Rome. Popul. Space Place 22(3), 216–227 (2016).
Google Scholar
Batty, M. & Longley, P. Fractal Cities (Academic Press, 1994).
Google Scholar
Berry, B. J. L. Cities as systems within systems of cities. Pap. Reg. Sci. 13, 147–163 (2005).
Google Scholar
Petrosillo, I. et al. The resilient recurrent behavior of mediterranean semi-arid complex adaptive landscapes. Land 10(3), 296 (2021).
Google Scholar
Portugali, J. Complexity, Cognition and the City, Understanding Complex Systems (Springer, 2011).
Google Scholar
Wu, J., Jenerette, G. D., Buyantuyev, A. & Redman, C. L. Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns of urbanisation: The case of the two fastest growing metropolitan regions in the United States. Ecol. Complex. 8(1), 1–8 (2011).
Google Scholar
Sun, Y., Gao, C., Li, J., Li, W. & Ma, R. Examining urban thermal environment dynamics and relations to biophysical composition and configuration and socioeconomic factors: A case study of the Shanghai metropolitan region. Sustain. Cities Soc. 40, 284–295 (2018).
Google Scholar
Phillips, M. A. & Ritala, P. A complex adaptive systems agenda for ecosystem research methodology. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 148, 119739 (2019).
Google Scholar
Walker, B., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, S. R. & Kinzig, A. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems. Ecol. Soc. 9(2), 5 (2004).
Google Scholar
Kelly, C. et al. Community resilience and land degradation in forest and shrublandsocio-ecological systems: A case study in Gorgoglione, Basilicata regionn, Italy. Land Use Policy 46, 11–20 (2015).
Google Scholar
Preiser, R., Biggs, R., De Vos, A. & Folke, C. Social-ecological systems as complex adaptive systems. Ecol. Soc. 23(4), 46 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ferrara, A. et al. Shaping the role of ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ drivers of change in forest-shrubland socio-ecological systems. J. Environ. Manag. 169, 155–166 (2016).
Google Scholar
Lamy, T., Liss, K. N., Gonzalez, A. & Bennett, E. M. Landscape structure affects the provision of multiple ecosystem services. Environ. Res. Lett. 11(12), 124017 (2016).
Google Scholar
Riitters, K. H., Vogt, P., Soille, P., Kozak, J. & Estreguil, C. Neutral model analysis of landscape patterns from mathematical morphology. Landsc. Ecol. 22(7), 1033–1043 (2007).
Google Scholar
Riitters, K., Vogt, P., Soille, P. & Estreguil, C. Landscape patterns from mathematical morphology on maps with contagion. Landsc. Ecol. 24(5), 699–709 (2009).
Google Scholar
Anas, A., Arnott, R. & Small, K. Urban spatial structure. J. Econ. Lit. 36(3), 1426–1464 (1998).
Arroyo-Mora, J. P., Sánchez-Azofeifa, G. A., Rivard, B., Calvo, J. C. & Janzen, D. H. Dynamics in landscape structure and composition for the Chorotega region, Costa Rica from 1960 to 2000. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 106(1), 27–39 (2005).
Google Scholar
Siles, G., Charland, A., Voirin, Y. & Bénié, G. B. Integration of landscape and structure indicators into a web-based geoinformation system for assessing wetlands status. Eco. Inform. 52, 166–176 (2019).
Google Scholar
Soille, P. Morphological Image Analysis: Principles and Applications (Springer, 2003).
Google Scholar
Soille, P. & Vogt, P. Morphological segmentation of binary patterns. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 30, 456–459 (2009).
Google Scholar
Vogt, P. et al. Mapping spatial patterns with morphological image processing. Landsc. Ecol. 22(2), 171–177 (2007).
Google Scholar
Bajocco, S., Ceccarelli, T., Smiraglia, D., Salvati, L. & Ricotta, C. Modeling the ecological niche of long-term land use changes: The role of biophysical factors. Ecol. Ind. 60, 231–236 (2016).
Google Scholar
Yin, Y., Zhou, K. & Chen, Y. Deconstructing the driving factors of land development intensity from multi-scale in differentiated functional zones. Sci. Rep. 12(1), 1–13 (2022).
Google Scholar
Duvernoy, I., Zambon, I., Sateriano, A. & Salvati, L. Pictures from the other side of the fringe: Urban growth and peri-urban agriculture in a post-industrial city (Toulouse, France). J. Rural. Stud. 57, 25–35 (2018).
Google Scholar
Smiraglia, D., Ceccarelli, T., Bajocco, S., Salvati, L. & Perini, L. Linking trajectories of land change, land degradation processes and ecosystem services. Environ. Res. 147, 590–600 (2016).
Google Scholar
Shaker, R. R. Examining sustainable landscape function across the Republic of Moldova. Habitat Int. 72, 77–91 (2018).
Google Scholar
Zheng, H. & Li, H. Spatial–temporal evolution characteristics of land use and habitat quality in Shandong Province, China. Sci. Rep. 12(1), 1–12 (2022).
Google Scholar
Tombolini, I., Munafò, M. & Salvati, L. Soil sealing footprint as an indicator of dispersed urban growth: A multivariate statistics approach. Urban Res. Pract. 9(1), 1–15 (2016).
Google Scholar
Salvati, L., Sateriano, A., Grigoriadis, E. & Carlucci, M. New wine in old bottles: The (changing) socioeconomic attributes of sprawl during building boom and stagnation. Ecol. Econ. 131, 361–372 (2017).
Google Scholar
Zambon, I., Benedetti, A., Ferrara, C. & Salvati, L. Soil matters? A multivariate analysis of socioeconomic constraints to urban expansion in Mediterranean Europe. Ecol. Econ. 146, 173–183 (2018).
Google Scholar
Paul, V. & Tonts, M. Containing urban sprawl: Trends in land use and spatial planning in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona. J. Environ. Plann. Manag. 48(1), 7–35 (2005).
Google Scholar
Serra, P., Vera, A., Tulla, A. F. & Salvati, L. Beyond urban–rural dichotomy: Exploring socioeconomic and land-use processes of change in Spain (1991–2011). Appl. Geogr. 55, 71–81 (2014).
Google Scholar
Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, S., Kalantari, Z., Egidi, G., Gaburova, L. & Salvati, L. Urbanisation-driven land degradation and socioeconomic challenges in peri-urban areas: Insights from Southern Europe. Ambio 51(6), 1446–1458 (2022).
Google Scholar
Pili, S., Grigoriadis, E., Carlucci, M., Clemente, M. & Salvati, L. Towards sustainable growth? A multi-criteria assessment of (changing) urban forms. Ecol. Ind. 76, 71–80 (2017).
Google Scholar
Salvati, L., Sateriano, A. & Grigoriadis, E. Crisis and the city: Profiling urban growth under economic expansion and stagnation. Lett. Spat. Resour. Sci. 9(3), 329–342 (2016).
Google Scholar
Champion, T. & Hugo, G. New Forms of Urbanisation: Beyond the Urban-Rural Dichotomy (Ashgate, 2004).
Frondoni, R., Mollo, B. & Capotorti, G. A landscape analysis of land cover change in the municipality of Rome (Italy): Spatio-temporal characteristics and ecological implications of land cover transitions from 1954 to 2001. Landsc. Urban Plan. 100(1–2), 117–128 (2011).
Google Scholar
Perrin, C., Nougarèdes, B., Sini, L., Branduini, P. & Salvati, L. Governance changes in peri-urban farmland protection following decentralisation: A comparison between Montpellier (France) and Rome (Italy). Land Use Policy 70, 535–546 (2018).
Google Scholar
Salvati, L. Monitoring high-quality soil consumption driven by urban pressure in a growing city (Rome, Italy). Cities 31, 349–356 (2013).
Google Scholar
Salvati, L., Ciommi, M. T., Serra, P. & Chelli, F. M. Exploring the spatial structure of housing prices under economic expansion and stagnation: The role of socio-demographic factors in metropolitan Rome, Italy. Land Use Policy 81, 143–152 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ferrara, C., Salvati, L. & Tombolini, I. An integrated evaluation of soil resource depletion from diachronic settlement maps and soil cartography in peri-urban Rome, Italy. Geoderma 232, 394–405 (2014).
Google Scholar
Egidi, G. & Salvati, L. Beyond the suburban-urban divide: Convergence in age structures in metropolitan Rome, Italy. J. Popul. Soc. Stud. 28(2), 130–142 (2020).
Google Scholar
Pili, S., Serra, P. & Salvati, L. Landscape and the city: Agro-forest systems, land fragmentation and the ecological network in Rome, Italy. Urban For. Urban Green. 41, 230–237 (2019).
Google Scholar
European Environment Agency. Urban Sprawl in Europe – The Ignored Challenge. Copenhagen: EEA Report no. 10 (2006).
Park, S., Hepcan, Ç. C., Hepcan, Ş & Cook, E. A. Influence of urban form on landscape pattern and connectivity in metropolitan regions: a comparative case study of Phoenix, AZ, USA, and Izmir, Turkey. Environ. Monit. Assess. 186(10), 6301–6318 (2014).
Google Scholar
Luo, F., Liu, Y., Peng, J. & Wu, J. Assessing urban landscape ecological risk through an adaptive cycle framework. Landsc. Urban Plan. 180, 125–134 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ortega, M., Pascual, S., Elena-Rosselló, R. & Rescia, A. J. Land-use and spatial resilience changes in the Spanish olive socio-ecological landscape. Appl. Geogr. 117, 102171 (2020).
Google Scholar
Parcerisas, L. et al. Land use changes, landscape ecology and their socioeconomic driving forces in the Spanish Mediterranean coast (El Maresme County, 1850–2005). Environ. Sci. Policy 23, 120–132 (2012).
Google Scholar
Masini, E. et al. Urban growth, land-use efficiency and local socioeconomic context: A comparative analysis of 417 metropolitan regions in Europe. Environ. Manag. 63(3), 322–337 (2019).
Google Scholar
Luck, M. & Wu, J. A gradient analysis of urban landscape pattern: a case study from the Phoenix metropolitan region, Arizona, USA. Landsc. Ecol. 17(4), 327–339 (2002).
Google Scholar
Pesaresi, M. & Bianchin, A. Recognising settlement structure using mathematical morphology and image texture. Remote Sensing Urban Anal. GISDATA 9, 46–60 (2003).
Schneider, A. & Woodcock, C. E. Compact, dispersed, fragmented, extensive? A comparison of urban growth in twenty-five global cities using remotely sensed data, pattern metrics and census information. Urban Stud. 45(3), 659–692 (2008).
Google Scholar
Mubareka, S., Koomen, E., Estreguil, C. & Lavalle, C. Development of a composite index of urban compactness for land use modelling applications. Landsc. Urban Plan. 103(3–4), 303–317 (2011).
Google Scholar
Vogt, P. et al. Mapping landscape corridors. Ecol. Ind. 7(2), 481–488 (2007).
Google Scholar
Daya Sagar, B. S. & Murthy, K. S. R. Generation of a fractal landscape using nonlinear mathematical morphological transformations. Fractals 8(03), 267–272 (2000).
Google Scholar
Scott, A. J., Carter, C., Reed, M. R., Stonyer, B. & Coles, R. Disintegrated development at the rural-urban fringe: Re-connecting spatial planning theory and practice. Prog. Plan. 83, 1–52 (2013).
Google Scholar
Zhao, Q., Wen, Z., Chen, S., Ding, S. & Zhang, M. Quantifying land use/land cover and landscape pattern changes and impacts on ecosystem services. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17(1), 126 (2020).
Google Scholar
Parr, J. The regional economy, spatial structure and regional urban systems. Reg. Stud. 48(12), 1926–1938 (2014).
Google Scholar
Salvati, L., Zambon, I., Chelli, F. M. & Serra, P. Do spatial patterns of urbanisation and land consumption reflect different socioeconomic contexts in Europe?. Sci. Total Environ. 625, 722–730 (2018).
Google Scholar
Coppi, R. & Bolasco, S. Multiway Data Analysis (Elsevier, 1988).
Google Scholar
Kroonenberg, P. M. Applied Multiway Data Analysis (Wiley, 2008).
Google Scholar
Escofier, B. & Pages, J. Multiple factor analysis (AFMULT Package). Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 18, 121–140 (1994).
Google Scholar
De Rosa, S. & Salvati, L. Beyond a ‘side street story’? Naples from spontaneous centrality to entropic polycentricism, towards a ‘crisis city’. Cities 51, 74–83 (2016).
Google Scholar
Favaro, J.-M. & Pumain, D. Gibrat revisited: An urban growth model incorporating spatial interaction and innovation cycles. Geogr. Anal. 43(3), 261–286 (2011).
Google Scholar
Walker, B. H., Carpenter, S. R., Rockstrom, J., Crepin, A.-S. & Peterson, G. D. “Drivers, “slow” variables, “fast” variables, shocks, and resilience. Ecol. Soc. 17(3), 30 (2012).
Google Scholar
Zhang, Z., Su, S., Xiao, R., Jiang, D. & Wu, J. Identifying determinants of urban growth from a multi-scale perspective: A case study of the urban agglomeration around Hangzhou Bay, China. Appl. Geogr. 45, 193–202 (2013).
Google Scholar
Fratarcangeli, C., Fanelli, G., Franceschini, S., De Sanctis, M. & Travaglini, A. Beyond the urban-rural gradient: Self-organising map detects the nine landscape types of the city of Rome. Urban For. Urban Green. 38, 354–370 (2019).
Google Scholar
Crisci, M., Benassi, F., Rabiei-Dastjerdi, H., McArdle, G. Spatio-temporal variations and contextual factors of the supply of Airbnb in Rome. An initial investigation. Lett. Spat. Resour. Sci. 1–17 (2022).
Lelo, K., Monni, S. & Tomassi, F. Socio-spatial inequalities and urban transformation. The case of Rome districts. Socio-Econ. Plann. Sci. 68, 100696 (2019).
Google Scholar
Crisci, M. The impact of the real estate crisis on a south european metropolis: From urban diffusion to Reurbanisation. Appl. Spat. Anal. Policy 15(3), 797–820 (2022).
Google Scholar
Wang, Y. & Zhang, X. A dynamic modeling approach to simulating socioeconomic effects on landscape changes. Ecol. Model. 140(1–2), 141–162 (2001).
Google Scholar
Voghera, A. The River agreement in Italy. Resilient planning for the co-evolution of communities and landscapes. Land Use Policy 91, 104377 (2020).
Google Scholar
Chen, A. & Partridge, M. D. When are cities engines of growth in China? Spread and backwash effects across the urban hierarchy. Reg. Stud. 47(8), 1313–1331 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ciommi, M., Chelli, F. M., Carlucci, M. & Salvati, L. Urban growth and demographic dynamics in southern Europe: Toward a new statistical approach to regional science. Sustainability 10(8), 2765 (2018).
Google Scholar
Jacobs-Crisioni, C., Rietveld, P. & Koomen, E. The impact of spatial aggregation on urban development analyses. Appl. Geogr. 47, 46–56 (2014).
Google Scholar
Kourtit, K., Nijkamp, P. & Reid, N. The new urban world: Challenges and policy. Appl. Geogr. 49, 1–3 (2014).
Google Scholar
Bruegmann, R. Sprawl: A Compact History (University of Chicago Press, 2005).
Google Scholar
Neuman, M. & Hull, A. The Futures of the City Region. Reg. Stud. 43(6), 777–787 (2009).
Google Scholar
Couch, C., Petschel-held, G. & Leontidou, L. Urban Sprawl In Europe: Landscapes, Land-use Change and Policy (Blackwell, 2007).
Google Scholar
Longhi, C. & Musolesi, A. European cities in the process of economic integration: towards structural convergence. Ann. Reg. Sci. 41, 333–351 (2007).
Google Scholar
Tian, G., Ouyang, Y., Quan, Q. & Wu, J. Simulating spatiotemporal dynamics of urbanisation with multi-agent systems—A case study of the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA. Ecol. Model. 222(5), 1129–1138 (2011).
Google Scholar
Tian, L., Chen, J. & Yu, S. X. Coupled dynamics of urban landscape pattern and socioeconomic drivers in Shenzhen, China. Landsc. Ecol. 29(4), 715–727 (2014).
Google Scholar
Fielding, A. J. Counterurbanization in Western Europe. Prog. Plan. 17, 1–52 (1982).
Google Scholar
Oueslati, W., Alvanides, S. & Garrod, G. Determinants of urban sprawl in European cities. Urban Stud. 52(9), 1594–1614 (2015).
Google Scholar
Tress, B., Tress, G., Décamps, H. & d’Hauteserre, A. M. Bridging human and natural sciences in landscape research. Landsc. Urban Plan. 57(3–4), 137–141 (2001).
Google Scholar
Xu, Z., Lv, Z., Li, J., Sun, H. & Sheng, Z. A Novel perspective on travel demand prediction considering natural environmental and socioeconomic factors. IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITS.2022.3162901 (2022).
Google Scholar
Xu, Z., Lv, Z., Li, J. & Shi, A. A novel approach for predicting water demand with complex patterns based on ensemble learning. Water Resour. Manag. 36(11), 4293–4312 (2022).
Google Scholar
Lv, Z., Li, J., Dong, C., Li, H. & Xu, Z. Deep learning in the COVID-19 epidemic: A deep model for urban traffic revitalisation index. Data Knowl. Eng. 135, 101912 (2021).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
