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Entomopathogenic fungi disrupt the feeding behavior of Euschistus heros in soybean

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Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of the entomopathogenic fungi on the feeding behavior of the Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros, using electropenetrography (AC-DC) technology. Twenty females per treatment were reared under controlled conditions and exposed to soybean pods treated with fungal suspensions (2 µL on the pronotum with 5 × 106 and 6.15 × 108 conidia mL− 1 for Cordyceps javanica and Metarhizium anisopliae, respectively), chemical insecticide (Thiamethoxam + Lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.025/100 mL), and aqueous solution of Polysorbate 80 (0.01% v/v) (control). Response variables associated with count and duration of feeding behavior over 72 h of recording were modelled using GAMLSS (generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape) to assess the statistical significance of treatments and for pairwise comparisons of means (p < 0.05). The fungal treatments and chemical insecticide significantly reduced the frequency and duration of feeding events, especially stylet penetration and seed ingestion, compared to untreated controls. Additionally, insects treated with fungi spent more time in non-feeding behavior, indicating disrupted feeding behavior. Both fungi also shortened the duration of the final feeding probe by about 13 h. Furthermore, electropenetrography enables assessment of pest–plant interactions and biocontrol efficacy beyond mortality.

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Data availability

The raw datasets generated during the current study are available in the Zenodo repository at: [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16572536](https:/doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16572536).

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), [grant number: 309733/2021-9] and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás (FAPEG), [grant number: 1721]. We also thank the Instituto Federal Goiano and the Center of Excellence in Bioinputs (CEBIO) for their institutional support throughout this study.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development–CNPq [grant number: 309733/2021-9] and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás–Fapeg [grant number: 1721]. The research also received institutional support from Instituto Federal Goiano and the Center of Excellence in Bioinputs (CEBIO).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Instituto Federal Goiano – Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde-GO, Brazil

    Guilherme Pereira de Oliveira, Frederico Antonio Loureiro Soares & Pablo da Costa Gontijo

  2. Departamento de Agronomia, Instituto Federal Goiano – Campus Urutaí, Urutaí-GO, Brazil

    André Cirilo de Sousa Almeida & Kaylaine Aparecida Gomes de Souza

  3. Laboratório de Estatística e Geoprocessamento, Instituto Federal Goiano – Campus Urutaí, Urutaí-GO, Brazil

    Anderson Rodrigo da Silva

Authors

  1. Guilherme Pereira de Oliveira
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  2. Frederico Antonio Loureiro Soares
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  4. Kaylaine Aparecida Gomes de Souza
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  5. Pablo da Costa Gontijo
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Contributions

Mr. Guilherme Pereira Oliveira*, ORCID: 0000-0001-7440-6773. Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Writing – original draft; Writing – review & editing. *Corresponding Author. Professor Frederico Antonio Loureiro Soares, ORCID: 0000-0002-4152-5087. Conceptualization; Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Supervision; Validation; Writing – review & editing. Professor André Cirilo de Sousa Almeida, ORCID: 0000-0001-9786-2990. Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Methodology; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Writing – review & editing. Ms. Kaylaine Aparecida Gomes de Souza, ORCID: 0009-0008-6124-4427. Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Software; Validation; Visualization. Professor Pablo da Costa Gontijo, ORCID: 0000-0001-8173-0539. Conceptualization; Data curation; Investigation; Methodology; Resources; Software; Writing – review & editing. Professor Anderson Rodrigo da Silva, ORCID: 0000-0003-2518-542X. Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Project administration; Resources; Supervision; Writing – review & editing.

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Correspondence to
Guilherme Pereira de Oliveira.

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de Oliveira, G.P., Soares, F.A.L., Sousa Almeida, A.C.d. et al. Entomopathogenic fungi disrupt the feeding behavior of Euschistus heros in soybean.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31096-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31096-w

Keywords

  • Biological control

  • Cordyceps javanica

  • Metarhizium anisopliae
  • Electropenetrography
  • Integrated pest management

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