Animal collection, characteristics and care For the experiments, we used a total of 24 P. elephas individuals of a wide range of sizes. Only inter-moult individuals with full sets of intact appendages were selected for this study. We carefully collected 17 juveniles by hand while scuba diving in the Bay of Perros Guirec (48°50′2.044″ N, 3°26′28.312″ […] More
Model A detailed model description is provided in the Supplementary methods. Here, we only illustrate the core equations. In the model, an individual’s potential growth rate (without neighbors) is defined as: $$frac{{dm}}{{dt}} = am^{frac{3}{4}}left[ {1 – S – left( {frac{m}{M}} right)^{frac{1}{4}}} right]$$ (1) where m is total mass, a is a species-specific constant, and M […] More
1. Sobek, S., Söderbäck, B., Karlsson, S., Andersson, E. & Brunberg, A. K. A Carbon budget of a small humic lake: an example of the importance of lakes for organic matter cycling in boreal catchments. Ambio 35, 469–475 (2006). 2. Tranvik, L. J., Cole, J. J. & Praire, Y. T. The study of carbon in […] More
1. Pecl, G. T. et al. Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Science 355, eaai9214 (2017). 2. Smale, D. A. et al. Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. Nat. Clim. Chang. 9, 306–312 (2019). 3. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. & Bruno, J. F. The impact of climate […] More
Study site and the capture-recapture data set From June 2003 to June 2017, 671 snowfinches were caught in the Apennines, within the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park, Italy, specifically within an area of 3 km2 around Campo Imperatore (42°27 N, 13°34 E, 2200 m asl, see48). Birds were captured all year round, using mist nets […] More
Experiment sites and plant materials Seeds of two fragrant rice cultivars, Meixiangzhan-2 (Lemont × Fengaozhan, bred by Rice research institute of Guangdong academy of agricultural sciences) and Xiangyaxiangzhan (Xiangsimiao126 × Xiangyaruanzhan, bred by Taishan institute of agricultural science), which are well known and widely grown in South China, provided by the College of Agriculture, South […] More
We have studied the prey-predator dynamics by solving the coupled Eqs. (4) and (5) numerically. We have investigated the escape dynamics for a wide range of parameter values by varying the prey group size (N), interaction radius ({R}_{{rm{i}}nt}), and also the strength of interactions between prey and the predator. Here, we present the dynamics for […] More
