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Leaf profitability
We calculated the economic profitability of leaves and analysed the patterns in relation to leaf size, environment and durability (longevity). There was wide variation in leaf profitability with a mean value (± SD) of 3.4 ± 3.5% day−1 and 5th/95th percentile range of 0.29–10.3% day−1. There are no previous studies reporting leaf profitability values for direct comparison, but they can be re-calculated based on published values for leaf payback time. For example, Williams et al.21 reported payback time values in several Piper species from a Mexican rainforest, corresponding to leaf profitability values between 0.01 and 33% day−1. Poorter et al.23 calculated payback times corresponding to leaf profitability values of 1.25–50% day−1 , depending on species type, light environment, and growth conditions (very high values were observed for seedlings grown under non-limiting, hydroponic conditions). The mean values of our study are lower, but in line with values calculated from payback time of Kikuzawa and Lechowicz25 (2.2 ± 2% day−1), because they consider the mean labour time and the favourable period length, as we also applied in our calculations (see “Methods” and Supplementary File S2 online).
One factor that could influence profitability is the size of a production unit. For example, a large leaf may imply a higher cost required for structural support; therefore, the changes in profitability will depend on how gains and expenses vary with size. As it turned out, we found that leaf profitability was positively related to leaf size (Fig. 2A), but the percentage of variance explained was not especially high (R2 = 0.07, P  More

Impact of glacial retreat on the benthic ecosystem
Most enriched POM δ13C concentration in the inner cove location (B2) indicates a potential melt-water input near the glacier (Table S2). The δ13C signature of diatoms showed a similar spatial concentration gradient along the cove, but was slightly more enriched than POM δ13C. This signature of freshwater influence has also been detected in other Antarctic regions. For example, the enriched δ13C of POM and diatoms in Potter Cove was recently reported16. In the enclosed environment beneath glaciers, δ13C might be enriched due to increased HCO3− utilization and production of organic materials17. The POM and diatom δ15N concentrations showed the lack of parallel gradients over the study area. The POM δ15N, especially phytoplankton values, is affected by their nutrient sources. Snow melt-water input occasionally appears from the local creeks throughout the Marian Cove, and the melt-water is associated with the nutrient input as well. Thus, the POM and diatom δ15N concentrations seemed to reflect the melt-water input throughout the cove.
The coastline of the inner locations (B1–B2;  More

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