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Data sources and study settings We included 10,034 person-visit data from three cohort studies in Bangladesh (Fig. 2), all of which were conducted by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b). The first cohort was a pilot study conducted in the 2016 rainy season that followed 383 participants for two visits (742 person-visits)47. […] More

Freshwater fishes have important subsistence, cultural, and economic value worldwide (Lynch et al.)1. However, freshwater ecosystems are among the most threatened on the planet with freshwater fishes showing the highest extinction rate among vertebrates in the 20th century (Burkhead 2012)2. The key anthropogenic pressures facing freshwater ecosystems are water extraction, habitat degradation, overexploitation, invasive species, […] More

1. Barnett, T. P., Adam, J. C. & Lettenmaier, D. P. Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature 438, 303–309 (2005). CAS Google Scholar 2. Simpkins, G. Snow-related water woes. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 945 (2018). Google Scholar 3. Viviroli, D., Dürr, H. H., Messerli, B., Meybeck, M. & […] More

1. Barnett, T. P., Adam, J. C. & Lettenmaier, D. P. Nature 438, 303–309 (2005). 2. Hock, R. G. et al. in IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (eds Pörtner, H.-O.) Ch. 2 (in the press). 3. Qin, Y. et al. Nat. Clim. Change https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0746-8 (2020). 4. Livneh, B. […] More

1. Brauman, K. A., Richter, B. D., Postel, S., Malsy, M. & Florke, M. Water depletion: an improved metric for incorporating seasonal and dry-year water scarcity into water risk assessments. Elem. Sci. Anth. 4, 000083 (2016). Google Scholar 2. Oki, T. & Kanae, S. Global hydrological cycles and world water resources. Science 313, 1068–1072 (2006). […] More

Rural water service provision typically prioritises quantity over quality, which is often assumed to be adequate where groundwater is used. This practice maintains the separation of water safety from other aspects of rural water service provision, thereby establishing a false dichotomy—one that is reinforced by contradictory assumptions about whether water quality matters to the public. […] More

1. D’Odorico, P., Carr, J. A., Laio, F., Ridolfi, L. & Vandoni, S. Feeding humanity through global food trade. Earth Future 2, 458–469 (2014). ADS Google Scholar 2. Porkka, M., Kummu, M., Siebert, S. & Varis, O. From food insufficiency towards trade dependency: a historical analysis of global food availability. PLoS ONE 8, e82714 (2013). […] More

Tap cleaning To assess tap cleaning agent and method efficacy: (1) a protocol was developed; (2) a system was built to group biofilms in taps and one trial run was completed; (3) four data collection runs, one for each of the four cleaning agents, were completed; and (4) data were analyzed. Through partner discussions, a […] More