United Nations Environment Programme–World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) & (NGS), N. G. S. Protected planet report 2018. (Cambridge, UK; Gland, Switzerland; Washington, DC, 2018).
Watson, J. E. M., Dudley, N., Segan, D. B. & Hockings, M. The performance and potential of protected areas. Nature 515, 67–73 (2014).
Gray, C. L. et al. Local biodiversity is higher inside than outside terrestrial protected areas worldwide. Nat. Commun. 7, 12306 (2016).
Geldmann, J., Joppa, L. N. & Burgess, N. D. Mapping change in human pressure globally on land and within protected areas. Conserv. Biol. 28, 1604–1616 (2014).
Jones, K. R. et al. One-third of global protected land is under intense human pressure. Science 360, 788–791 (2018).
Schulze, K. et al. An assessment of threats to terrestrial protected areas. Conserv. Lett. 11, e12435 (2018).
Hulme, P. E. Protected land: threat of invasive species. Science 361, 561–562 (2018).
IPBES: Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. (eds. Díaz, S. et al.) 56 p. (IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany, 2019). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3553579.
Maxwell, S., Fuller, R. A., Brooks, T. M. & Watson, J. E. M. The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers. Nature 536, 143–145 (2016).
Blackburn, T. M., Bellard, C. & Ricciardi, A. Alien versus native species as drivers of recent extinctions. Front. Ecol. Environ. 17, 203–207 (2019).
Strayer, D. L. Eight questions about invasions and ecosystem functioning. Ecol. Lett. 15, 1199–1210 (2012).
Seebens, H. et al. Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, E2264–E2273 (2018).
Macdonald, I. A. W., Loope, L. L., Usher, M. B. & Hamann, O. Wildlife Conservation and The Invasion of Nature Reserves by Introduced Species: A Global Perspective 215–256 (Wiley, 1989).
Gallardo, B. et al. Protected areas offer refuge from invasive species spreading under climate change. Glob. Change Biol. 23, 5331–5343 (2017).
Dudley, N., Stolton, S. & Shadie, S. Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories (International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2008).
Foxcroft, L. C., Pyšek, P., Richardson, D. M. & Genovesi, P. Plant Invasions in Protected Areas. Invading Nature, Springer Series in Invasion Ecology 7 (Springer, 2017).
Shackleton, R. T., Foxcroft, L. C., Pyšek, P., Wood, L. E. & Richardson, D. M. Assessing biological invasions in protected areas after 30 years: Revisiting nature reserves targeted by the 1980s SCOPE programme. Biol. Conserv. 243, 108424, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108424 (2020).
Pyšek, P., Jarosik, V. & Kucera, T. Inclusion of native and alien species in temperate nature reserves: An historical study from Central Europe. Conserv. Biol. 17, 1414–1424 (2003).
van Kleunen, M. et al. Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants. Nature 525, 100–103 (2015).
Lockwood, J. L., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T. The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20, 223–228 (2005).
Dukes, J. S. & Mooney, H. A. Does global change increase the success of biological invaders? Trends Ecol. Evol. 14, 135–139 (1999).
Elton, C. The ecology of invasions by plants and animals 18 (Methuen, London, 1958).
Fridley, J. D. et al. The invasion paradox: Reconciling pattern and process in species invasions. Ecology 88, 3–17 (2007).
Dawson, W. et al. Global hotspots and correlates of alien species richness across taxonomic groups. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 0186 (2017).
Bellard, C. et al. Will climate change promote future invasions? Glob. Change Biol. 19, 3740–3748 (2013).
Li, X. P., Liu, X., Kraus, F., Tingley, R. & Li, Y. M. Risk of biological invasions is concentrated in biodiversity hotspots. Front. Ecol. Environ. 14, 411–417 (2016).
Bolker, B. M. et al. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 127–135 (2009).
Gaston, K. J., Jackson, S. E., Nagy, A., Cantu-Salazar, L. & Johnson, M. Protected areas in Europe – Principle and practice. Ann. Ny. Acad. Sci. 1134, 97–119 (2008).
Hulme, P. E. et al. Greater Focus Needed on Alien Plant Impacts in Protected Areas. Conserv. Lett. 7, 459–466 (2014).
Thuiller, W., Gueguen, M., Renaud, J., Karger, D. N. & Zimmermann, N. E. Uncertainty in ensembles of global biodiversity scenarios. Nat. Commun. 10, 1446 (2019).
Foxcroft, L. C., Jarosik, V., Pyšek, P., Richardson, D. M. & Rouget, M. Protected-Area Boundaries as Filters of Plant Invasions. Conserv. Biol. 25, 400–405 (2011).
Kraus, F. Alien reptiles and amphibian. A scientific compendium and analysis. Invading nature: Springer series in invasion ecology 4 (2009).
Long, J. Introduced Mammals of The World (CSIRO Publishing, 2001).
Redding, D. W. et al. Location-level processes drive the establishment of alien bird populations worldwide. Nature 571, 103–106 (2019).
Bellard, C., Rysman, J.-F., Leroy, B., Claud, C. & Mace, G. M. A global picture of biological invasion threat on islands. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1862–1869 (2017).
Loope, L. L., Hughes, R. F. & Meyer, J.-Y. Plant invasions in protected areas of tropical pacific islands, with special reference to Hawaii. (eds. Foxcroft, L. C. et al.) 313–348 (Springer, 2014).
McKinney, M. L. Influence of settlement time, human population, park shape and age, visitation and roads on the number of alien plant species in protected areas in the USA. Divers. Distrib. 8, 311–318 (2002).
Dawson, T. P., Jackson, S. T., House, J. I., Prentice, I. C. & Mace, G. M. Beyond predictions: biodiversity conservation in a changing climate. Science 332, 53–58 (2011).
Pyšek, P. et al. Geographical and taxonomic biases in invasion ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 237–244 (2008).
Spear, D., Foxcroft, L. C., Bezuidenhout, H. & McGeoch, M. A. Human population density explains alien species richness in protected areas. Biol. Conserv. 159, 137–147 (2013).
Foxcroft, L. C., Spear, D., van Wilgen, N. J. & McGeoch, M. A. Assessing the association between pathways of alien plant invaders and their impacts in protected areas. Neobiota, 1–25 (2019).
UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), (version of April 2019 downloaded). www.protectedplanet.net (2019).
Elsen, P. R., Monahan, W. B. & Merenlender, A. M. Global patterns of protection of elevational gradients in mountain ranges. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 6004–6009 (2018).
Elsen, P. R., Monahan, W. B. & Merenlender, A. M. Reply to You et al: The World Database on Protected Areas is an invaluable resource for global conservation assessments and planning. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, E9029–E9030 (2018).
Butchart, S. H. M. et al. Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets. Conserv. Lett. 8, 329–337 (2015).
Duncan, R. P., Blackburn, T. M. & Sol, D. The ecology of bird introductions. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. S 34, 71–98 (2003).
Sayre, R. et al. A new 30 meter resolution global shoreline vector and associated global islands database for the development of standardized ecological coastal units. J. Oper. Oceanogr. 12, S47–S56 (2019).
Olson, D. M. et al. Terrestrial ecoregions of the worlds: a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51, 933–938 (2001).
Capinha, C. et al. Diversity, biogeography and the global flows of alien amphibians and reptiles. Divers. Distrib. 23, 1313–1322 (2017).
Liu, X. et al. Risks of biological invasion on the belt and road. Curr. Biol. 29, 499–505.e494 (2019).
Dyer, E. E., Redding, D. W. & Blackburn, T. M. The global avian invasions atlas, a database of alien bird distributions worldwide. Sci. Data 4, sdata201741 (2017).
Capellini, I., Baker, J., Allen, W. L., Street, S. E. & Venditti, C. The role of life history traits in mammalian invasion success. Ecol. Lett. 18, 1099–1107 (2015).
Capinha, C., Essl, F., Seebens, H., Moser, D. & Pereira, H. M. The dispersal of alien species redefines biogeography in the Anthropocene. Science 348, 1248–1251 (2015).
Dyer, E. E. et al. The global distribution and drivers of alien bird species richness. PLoS Biol. 15, e2000942 (2017).
Sander, N., Abel, G. J., Bauer, R. & Schmidt, J. Visualising Migration Flow Data with Circular Plots. (Vienna Institute of Demography, Vienna, 2014).
Jenkins, C. N., Pimm, S. L. & Joppa, L. N. Global patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity and conservation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, E2602–E2610 (2013).
Roll, U. et al. The global distribution of tetrapods reveals a need for targeted reptile conservation. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1677–1682 (2017).
Sanderson, E. W. et al. The human footprint and the last of the wild. Bioscience 52, 891–904 (2002).
Cohen, J. M. et al. Spatial scale modulates the strength of ecological processes driving disease distributions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, E3359–E3364 (2016).
Magnusson, A. et al. glmmTMB: Generalized linear mixed models using template model builder. R package version 0.1.3. https://github.com/glmmTMB (2017).
Fournier, A., Penone, C., Pennino, M. G. & Courchamp, F. Predicting future invaders and future invasions. P. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 7905–7910 (2019).
Thuiller, W. et al. The European functional tree of bird life in the face of global change. Nat. Commun. 5, 3118 (2014).
Guisan, A. et al. Predicting species distributions for conservation decisions. Ecol. Lett. 16, 1424–1435 (2013).
Hill, M. P., Gallardo, B. & Terblanche, J. S. A global assessment of climatic niche shifts and human influence in insect invasions. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 26, 679–689 (2017).
Early, R. & Sax, D. F. Climatic niche shifts between species’ native and naturalized ranges raise concern for ecological forecasts during invasions and climate change. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 23, 1356–1365 (2014).
Li, Y. M., Liu, X., Li, X. P., Petitpierre, B. & Guisan, A. Residence time, expansion toward the equator in the invaded range and native range size matter to climatic niche shifts in non-native species. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 23, 1094–1104 (2014).
Wisz, M. S. et al. The role of biotic interactions in shaping distributions and realised assemblages of species: implications for species distribution modelling. Biol. Rev. 88, 15–30 (2013).
Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G. & Jarvis, A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Clim. 25, 1965–1978 (2005).
Araújo, M. B. et al. Quaternary climate changes explain diversity among reptiles and amphibians. Ecography 31, 8–15 (2008).
Barbet-Massin, M. & Jetz, W. The effect of range changes on the functional turnover, structure and diversity of bird assemblages under future climate scenarios. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 2917–2928 (2015).
Ferger, S. W., Schleuning, M., Hemp, A., Howell, K. M. & Böhning‐Gaese, K. Food resources and vegetation structure mediate climatic effects on species richness of birds. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 23, 541–549 (2014).
Visconti, P. et al. Projecting global biodiversity indicators under future development scenarios. Conserv. Lett. 9, 5–13 (2016).
Li, Y. et al. Climate and topography explain range sizes of terrestrial vertebrates. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 498–502 (2016).
Dalby, L., McGill, B. J., Fox, A. D. & Svenning, J. C. Seasonality drives global-scale diversity patterns in waterfowl (Anseriformes) via temporal niche exploitation. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 23, 550–562 (2014).
Nogues-Bravo, D. & Araujo, M. B. Species richness, area and climate correlates. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 15, 452–460 (2006).
Wisz, M. S. et al. Effects of sample size on the performance of species distribution models. Divers. Distrib. 14, 763–773 (2008).
Phillips, S. J. et al. Sample selection bias and presence-only distribution models: implications for background and pseudo-absence data. Ecol. Appl. 19, 181–197 (2009).
Fithian, W., Elith, J., Hastie, T. & Keith, D. A. Bias correction in species distribution models: pooling survey and collection data for multiple species. Methods Ecol. Evol. 6, 424–438 (2015).
Barbet-Massin, M., Jiguet, F., Albert, C. H. & Thuiller, W. Selecting pseudo-absences for species distribution models: how, where and how many? Methods. Ecol. Evol. 3, 327–338 (2012).
Araújo, M. B. & New, M. Ensemble forecasting of species distributions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22, 42–47 (2007).
Elith, J., Kearney, M. & Phillips, S. The art of modelling range-shifting species. Methods Ecol. Evol. 1, 330–342 (2010).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
